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Zimbabwe — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Zimbabwe is

2017: 455,0001 2
2005: 400,0003 4 5

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Zimbabwe is

2017: 2.801
2007: 3.446

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Zimbabwe ranked at No. 857

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Zimbabwe ranked at No.1387

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Zimbabwe is reported to be

2017: 190,6851

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered guns per 100 people in Zimbabwe is

2017: 1.386

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,8 but in Zimbabwe there are estimated to be

2017: 264,3151

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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

ChartUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,8 but in Zimbabwe the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be

2017: 1.916
:

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Zimbabwe are reported to have 91,5809 10 firearms

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Routine Arming of Police

In Zimbabwe, police officers on routine patrol carry one or more firearms11

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Zimbabwe are reported to have 23,00012 13 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 2,43914
2015: 2,353
2010: 2,260
2000: 1,954

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 17.9314
2015: 17.54
2010: 17.76
2000: 16.22

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 1,88214
2015: 1,803
2010: 1,768
2000: 1,574

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 28.4414
2015: 27.70
2010: 29.11
2000: 26.41

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 55714
2015: 550
2010: 492
2000: 380

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 7.9814
2015: 7.96
2010: 7.40
2000: 6.24

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual firearm homicides total

2007: 1915
2006: 19
2005: 19
2004: 20
2000: 59816
1999: 596
1998: 562

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2007: 0.315
2006: 0.3
2005: 0.3
2004: 0.3
2000: 4.7516
1999: 4.81
1998: 4.61

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2012: 2%17
2007: 4.6%15
2006: 4.9%
2005: 5.4%
2004: 5.6%
2000: 65.6%
1999: 68.3%
1998: 72.2%

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 1,72814
2015: 1,672
2010: 1,678
2000: 1,578

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 12.7114
2015: 12.46
2010: 13.19
2000: 13.10

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 1,23114
2015: 1,189
2010: 1,239
2000: 1,237

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 18.6014
2015: 18.26
2010: 20.40
2000: 20.76

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 49814
2015: 483
2010: 439
2000: 341

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 7.1314
2015: 6.99
2010: 6.60
2000: 5.60

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Gun Suicides

In Zimbabwe, annual firearm suicides total

1995: 1218

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Zimbabwe, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

1995: 0.0918

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Zimbabwe, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited without Government permission19 20 21 22 23

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Home-made Guns

In Zimbabwe, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be high24

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Zimbabwe, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law25 26

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Zimbabwe is reported by Customs to be US$

2018: 7,00027
2017: 13,000
2016: 7,000
2015: 4,000
2014: 14,000
2013: 24,000
2012: 42,000
2011: 14,000
2010: 6,000
2009: 84,000
2008: 4,080,000
2007: 85,000
2006: 91,000
2005: 611,000
2004: 13,000
2003: 37,000
2002: 137,000

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Zimbabwe was categorized as 'unknown'28

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Firearm Imports

In Zimbabwe, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law21 29

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Zimbabwe is reported by Customs to be US$

2021: 3,913,00030
2020: 578,000
2019: 539,000
2018: 469,000
2017: 278,000
2016: 344,000
2015: 320,000
2014: 245,000
2013: 308,000
2012: 323,000
2011: 392,000
2010: 238,000
2009: 92,000
2008: 93,000
2007: 533,000
2006: 166,000
2005: 124,000
2004: 636,000
2003: 18,000
2002: 51,000

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Zimbabwe is moderate31 32 33 34

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Zimbabwe, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law35

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Zimbabwe include25 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Zimbabwe is categorised as restrictive36

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Zimbabwe includes the

Firearms Act, Chapter 10:0937 38

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Zimbabwe are regulated by the Minister of Home Affairs39

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Zimbabwe, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law40 41 42

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Zimbabwe, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms43

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Zimbabwe, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence44

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Regulation of Handguns

In Zimbabwe, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence44

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Zimbabwe, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law17

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Zimbabwe, only licensed gun owners42 45 38 17 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Zimbabwe are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm45 29

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Zimbabwe is 14 years46

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Zimbabwe must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health and addiction45 38 17 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Zimbabwe, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required44

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Zimbabwe does not stipulate44 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Zimbabwe, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required44 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Zimbabwe, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every three years45

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Licensing Records

In Zimbabwe, authorities maintain a record47 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Zimbabwe are permitted to possess 1 firearm per firearm certificate45

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Zimbabwe are permitted to possess the quantity of ammunition specified in the firearm certificate45

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Zimbabwe, the law requires47 21 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Zimbabwe, licensed firearm dealers are required48 21 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Zimbabwe, licensed gun makers are required21 49 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Zimbabwe, State agencies are required21 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Zimbabwe, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without a valid firearms licence50

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Zimbabwe, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful51 52

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Limit on Gun Dealer Sales

In Zimbabwe, the number and type of firearms which can be sold by a licensed gun dealer to a single gun owner is limited to one firearm per firearm certificate42 45

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Number of Licensed Gun Dealers

The number of licensed firearm dealers in Zimbabwe is reported to be

2003: 1254

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Zimbabwe, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined44

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Zimbabwe, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated44 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Zimbabwe include53 54 55 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Zimbabwe include56 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Zimbabwe include57 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Zimbabwe include58 59 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Zimbabwe, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law17

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Zimbabwe, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm60 is five years in prison and/or a fine61

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Zimbabwe adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200662 63

Southern African Development Community

As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Zimbabwe signed the SADC Declaration Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials in March 2001. This laid the ground for the August, 2001 adoption of the legally binding SADC Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials64

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

The UNCCPCJ, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, lists65 Zimbabwe as an elected member

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200766 by Zimbabwe.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed, but not yet ratified67 by Zimbabwe

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed68 by Zimbabwe

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Zimbabwe committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects69

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Zimbabwe against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 8070 71 72 73 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Zimbabwe has submitted one or more national reports74 75 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Zimbabwe, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated75

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Zimbabwe, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated76

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Zimbabwe submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent76 77

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated75 by Zimbabwe to other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Zimbabwe has not declared78 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Zimbabwe has been a Member State of the United Nations since 198079

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list80 Zimbabwe as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,81 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 2,43914
2015: 2,353
2010: 2,260
2000: 1,954

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 17.9314
2015: 17.54
2010: 17.76
2000: 16.22

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 1,88214
2015: 1,803
2010: 1,768
2000: 1,574

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 28.4414
2015: 27.70
2010: 29.11
2000: 26.41

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 55714
2015: 550
2010: 492
2000: 380

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 7.9814
2015: 7.96
2010: 7.40
2000: 6.24

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual firearm homicides total

2007: 1915
2006: 19
2005: 19
2004: 20
2000: 59816
1999: 596
1998: 562

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2007: 0.315
2006: 0.3
2005: 0.3
2004: 0.3
2000: 4.7516
1999: 4.81
1998: 4.61

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2012: 2%17
2007: 4.6%15
2006: 4.9%
2005: 5.4%
2004: 5.6%
2000: 65.6%
1999: 68.3%
1998: 72.2%

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Zimbabwe, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Zimbabwe are known to have4 38 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

In Zimbabwe, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be 2005 (2003)

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Zimbabwe, it is state policy21 82 38 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Zimbabwe, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is not required by law21 38

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Firearm Tracing

In Zimbabwe, state authorities carry out83 84 85 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Zimbabwe ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Zimbabwe on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Irish-Qhobosheane, Jenni.2021.‘Counting the Cost of Firearm Violence.’ How to Silence the Guns? Southern Africa's Illegal Firearms Markets.Geneva:Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva,19 October. (Q14655)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

4.

Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace.2004.‘Firearm Ownership - Zimbabwe.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8829)Full Citation

5.

Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace.2004.‘Number of Firearms Recovered - Zimbabwe.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8832)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2014.‘Calculated Rates - Zimbabwe.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,24 January. (Q4328)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Irish-Qhobosheane, Jenni.2021.‘Diversion of Military Firearms.’ How to Silence the Guns? Southern Africa's Illegal Firearms Markets.Geneva:Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva,19 October. (Q14660)Full Citation

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Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace.2004.‘Routine Arming of Police - Zimbabwe.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8830)Full Citation

12.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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Irish-Qhobosheane, Jenni.2021.‘Diversion of Police Firearms.’ How to Silence the Guns? Southern Africa's Illegal Firearms Markets.Geneva:Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva,19 October. (Q14659)Full Citation

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WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

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UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Zimbabwe.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6408)Full Citation

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UNODC.2004.‘Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed.’ Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (1998-2000).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 March. (Q91)Full Citation

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Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Zimbabwe.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9483)Full Citation

18.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

19.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Restrictions on Manufacturing of Firearms.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2437)Full Citation

20.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Restrictions on Manufacture of Ammunition.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2436)Full Citation

21.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Marking Practice.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3247)Full Citation

22.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3256)Full Citation

23.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures - Production.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3265)Full Citation

24.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Zimbabwe.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q14015)Full Citation

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Zimbabwe.2008.‘Export Control.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3224)Full Citation

26.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures - Export.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3252)Full Citation

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International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Exported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16040)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation

29.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures - Import.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3253)Full Citation

30.

International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Imported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16041)Full Citation

31.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott, and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Trafficking - Zimbabwe.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q14016)Full Citation

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Irish-Qhobosheane, Jenni.2021.‘Mapping the sources.’ How to Silence the Guns? Southern Africa's Illegal Firearms Markets.Geneva:Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva,19 October. (Q14651)Full Citation

33.

Irish-Qhobosheane, Jenni.2021.‘Counting the Cost of Firearm Violence.’ How to Silence the Guns? Southern Africa's Illegal Firearms Markets.Geneva:Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva,19 October. (Q14652)Full Citation

34.

Irish-Qhobosheane, Jenni.2021.‘Cross-border Trade.’ How to Silence the Guns? Southern Africa's Illegal Firearms Markets.Geneva:Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Geneva,19 October. (Q14657)Full Citation

35.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Brokering.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3260)Full Citation

36.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

37.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Arrangement of Sections, Preliminary, Short Title and Interpretation.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2432)Full Citation

38.

Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace.2004.‘The Firearms Act of 1957 - Zimbabwe.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8831)Full Citation

39.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Regulations.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2449)Full Citation

40.

Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

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Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

42.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Penalty for Purchasing Firearms or Ammunition Without Firearm Certificate.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2433)Full Citation

43.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Special Provisions Relating to Certain Types of Weapons and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2442)Full Citation

44.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Arrangement of Sections, Preliminary, Short Title and Interpretation.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q4366)Full Citation

45.

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