Find Gun Policy Facts

Armed violence prevention, gun control laws and the small arms trade:

Go To ..

Togo — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

expand all collapse all

StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Togo is

2017: 58,0001
2007: 60,0002

Compare
Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Togo is

2017: 0.801
2007: 1.02

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Togo ranked at No. 1493

Compare
Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Togo ranked at No. 1532

Compare
Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Togo is reported to be

2017: 10,0001
2013: 5,6064

Compare
Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered guns per 100 people in Togo is

2013: 0.085

Compare
Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,6 but in Togo there are estimated to be

2017: 48,0001

Government Guns

Compare
Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Togo are reported to have 12,8507 firearms

Compare
Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Togo are reported to have 5,0008 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

Compare
Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Togo, annual homicides by any means total

2015: 6689
2012: 68410
2010: 625
2008: 62711

Compare
Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Togo, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 8.849
2012: 10.310
2010: 9.48
2008: 10.911
2004: 13.7012
2002: 10.50

Compare
Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Togo, annual male homicides by any means total

2015: 54913
2010: 44713

Compare
Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Togo, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 14.8713

Compare
Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Togo, annual female homicides by any means total

2015: 11813
2010: 17813

Compare
Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Togo, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 3.1713

Compare
Gun Homicides

In Togo, annual firearm homicides total

2010: 09

ProductionGun Industry

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Togo, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited14 15 16 17

Compare
Home-made Guns

In Togo, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be moderate18

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Compare
Firearm Exports

In Togo, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law19 15

Compare
Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Togo is reported by Customs to be US$94,95320 (2010)

Compare
Firearm Imports

In Togo, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law19 21

Compare
Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Togo is reported by Customs to be US$244,29820 (2011)

Compare
Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Togo, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law22 23

Compare
End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Togo include24 19 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Togo includes the Decree No. 62 2 of 8 January 1962 governing the import, possession and transfer of manufactured arms and their ammunition, the Decree No. 93 060/PR of 19 May 1993 on the creation and functions of an advisory committee to the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Security and the Decree No. 95 011/PR of 19 April 1995 governing the import, possession and transfer of manufactured and improvised hunting firearms and their ammunition21

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Togo are regulated by the Home Office21

Compare
Right to Possess Firearms

In Togo, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law25 26

Firearm Registration

Compare
Civilian Gun Registration

In Togo, the law requires27 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

Compare
State-Owned Firearm Records

In Togo, State agencies are required28 29 30 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Togo include30 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Togo do not include15 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm Marking

In Togo, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law31 29 19

Compare
Firearm Tracing

In Togo, state authorities do not carry out32 23 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Compare
Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Togo, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm33 is one year in prison and/or a fine34 35 36

Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Compare
Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Togo, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2017: 8337
2016: 83
2012: 205

Compare
Small Arms Destroyed

In Togo, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

2003/09: 9,90938

Compare
Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Togo, it is state policy39 30 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Togo adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200640 41

Economic Community of West African States

In June 2006, as a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Togo adopted the ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials. This stipulates strict controls on the transfer, manufacture, possession and security of small arms and light weapons42

Compare
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 201143 by Togo.

Compare
Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified44 by Togo

Compare
United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified45 by Togo

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Togo committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects46

Compare
UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Togo against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 8647 48 49 50 among 159 Member States

Compare
UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Togo has submitted one or more national reports51 23 on its implementation of the UNPoA

Compare
UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Togo, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated52 23

Compare
UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Togo, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated52

Compare
UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Togo submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent52 23

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated23 by Togo to other UN Member States

Compare
United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Togo has not declared53 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Togo has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196054

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list55 Togo as a Participating State

BackgroundCountry Profile

Link
Conflict Profile

For a profile of conflict in Togo, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Togo ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

4.

Togo.2014.‘Registered Firearms.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12559)Full Citation

5.

GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - Togo.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,5 October. (Q12640)Full Citation

6.

GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

7.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

9.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 May. (Q13355)Full Citation

10.

UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Togo.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10016)Full Citation

11.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Togo.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6369)Full Citation

12.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

13.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

14.

Togo.2016.‘Manufacture (Fabrication).’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,10 March. (Q12565)Full Citation

15.

Togo.2014.‘Export Authorisation (Autorisation d'exportation).’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12564)Full Citation

16.

Togo.2010.‘Identification of Local Dealers and Manufacturers of Handcrafted SALW (L'Identification des Fabricants et Distributeurs Locaux d'ALPC Artisanales).’ National Report of Togo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q4780)Full Citation

17.

Togo.2014.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12558)Full Citation

18.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Togo.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q14013)Full Citation

19.

Togo.2016.‘International Transfers (Transferts internationaux).’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,10 March. (Q12566)Full Citation

20.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

21.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined - Senegal.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4015)Full Citation

22.

Togo.2016.‘Brokering (Courtage).’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,10 March. (Q12567)Full Citation

23.

UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation

24.

Togo.2012.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,27 June. (Q12556)Full Citation

25.

Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

26.

Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

27.

Togo.2010.‘Registration of Firearms Owned by Civilians (L'Enregistrement des Armes Détenues par les Civils).’ National Report of Togo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q4778)Full Citation

28.

Togo.2009.‘Small Arms Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Togo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Togo to the United Nations,24 March. (Q4782)Full Citation

29.

Togo.2018.‘Marking and Record-keeping.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13712)Full Citation

30.

Togo.2016.‘Stockpile Management (Gestion des stocks).’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,10 March. (Q12568)Full Citation

31.

Togo.2010.‘Measures to Prevent the Manufacture, Storage, Transfer, and Possession of Unmarked or Inadequately Marked Firearms (Mesures pour Prévenir la Fabrication, le Stockage, le Transfert et la Possession d'Armes Non Marquées ou Insuffisamment Marquées).’ National Report of Togo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q4779)Full Citation

32.

Togo.2016.‘International Tracing (Traçage international).’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,10 March. (Q12569)Full Citation

33.

GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation

34.

Togo.2014.‘Possession and Commerce - Penalty.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12561)Full Citation

35.

Togo.2014.‘Possession and Commerce - Penalty [Prohibited Firearms].’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12560)Full Citation

36.

Togo.2014.‘Possession and Storage - Penalty.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12562)Full Citation

37.

UNODC.2020.‘Arms Seized, Found, and Surrendered, by Type.’ Illicit Arms Flows Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,7 January. (Q14056)Full Citation

38.

Togo.2014.‘Firearms Destroyed.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12557)Full Citation

39.

Togo.2014.‘Destruction Policy.’ National Report of Togo on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Togo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12563)Full Citation

40.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

41.

African Union.2015.‘Member States.’ African Union: A United and Strong Africa.Addis Ababa:African Union,10 August. (Q10548)Full Citation

42.

ECOWAS / UNODA.2006.‘Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:Economic Community of West African States Secretariat / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 June. (Q3219)Full Citation

43.

GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation

44.

UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation

45.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

46.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

47.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Findings - Table 3: Reporting States by Rank and Score.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8752)Full Citation

48.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘What do the PoAIM Scores Represent? How Should the PoAIM Scores Be Interpreted?.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8753)Full Citation

49.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8754)Full Citation

50.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Introduction.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8755)Full Citation

51.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

52.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

53.

UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation

54.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

55.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation