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South Africa — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in South Africa is 3,400,0001 2 3 4

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in South Africa is 6.615 4

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In South Africa, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 1,286,6286 7 8 (registered only)

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In South Africa, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 453,4866 7 8 (registered only)

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

In South Africa, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 2,784,4206 7 8 (registered only)

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, South Africa ranked at No. 179

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, South Africa ranked at No. 504

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Proportion of Households with Firearms

In South Africa, the percentage of households with one or more guns is reported to be

2001: 20%10

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

ChartThe number of licensed gun owners in South Africa is reported to be

2011: 1,500,0001
2001: 2,092,24210
1999: 2,027,41111 8
1996: 2,000,00012
1994: 2,400,0001

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of licensed firearm owners per 100 people in South Africa is

2011: 2.925
2001: 4.60
1999: 4.57
1996: 4.69
1994: 5.77

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in South Africa is reported to be

2011: 2,900,0001
2007: 3,000,00013
2005: 3,737,6764
2004: 3,737,67612
2003: 3,735,6766 14
2001: 3,667,28910
1999: 3,554,3367 6 14
1996: 3,503,57312
1994: 3,500,0001

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in South Africa is

2011: 5.645
2007: 6.08
2005: 7.77
2004: 7.88
2003: 7.99
2001: 8.06
1999: 8.01
1996: 8.21
1994: 8.41

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Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in South Africa there are estimated to be 500,0002 to 4,000,0003

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Estimated Rate of Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in South Africa the rate of illicit firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 1.13 to 8.325

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of South Africa are reported to have 350,63615 16 17 firearms

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Routine Arming of Police

In South Africa, police officers on routine patrol carry one or more firearms18

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in South Africa are reported to have 261,27219 20 21 18 17 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Total Number of Gun Deaths

ChartIn South Africa, annual deaths resulting from firearms total

2010: 4,21722
2008: 3,35723
2005: 15,00024
2000: 5,20125
1999: 3,90626

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2010: 8.322
2008: 6.715
2005: 31.18
2000: 11.58
1999: 8.81

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn South Africa, annual homicides by any means total

2013: 17,06827 28
2012: 16,25929 30 28
2011: 15,60930 31 32
2010: 15,94030 31
2009: 16,834
2008: 18,148
2007: 18,487
2006: 19,202
2005: 18,528
2004: 18,793
2003: 19,824
2002: 21,553
2001: 21,405
2000: 21,75830 31 25 33
1999: 22,60431 33 26
1998: 25,12731 33
1997: 24,486
1996: 25,470
1995: 26,877
1994: 26,83234 33

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2013: 32.227 28
2012: 31.329 30 28
2011: 30.329 30 31 32 35
2010: 31.030 31 35
2009: 33.130 31 35 36
2008: 36.130 31 35 37
2007: 37.3
2006: 39.3
2005: 38.4
2004: 39.5
2003: 42.3
2002: 46.730 31 37
2001: 47.0
2000: 48.530 31 36 37
1999: 51.231 37
1998: 57.7
1997: 57.1
1996: 60.4
1995: 64.9
1994: 66.938

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn South Africa, annual firearm homicides total

2010: 4,15222
2007: 6,10130 31
2006: 9,06331
2005: 8,597
2004: 9,021
2003: 9,714
2002: 10,130
2001: 10,274
2000: 10,72731 25 39 33
1999: 11,21231 39 33 40
1998: 12,41331 39 33
1997: 11,166
1996: 11,258
1995: 11,15431 33
1994: 11,13434 33

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2010: 8.222
2007: 12.365 31 41
2006: 18.831 42 41
2005: 18.031 41
2004: 19.1
2003: 20.8
2002: 22.031
2001: 22.6
2000: 24.0
1999: 25.4
1998: 28.5
1997: 26.0
1996: 26.7
1995: 26.9
1994: 28.8034

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn South Africa, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2013: 33%28
2007: 33%30
2006: 47.2%31
2005: 46.4%
2004: 48.0%
2003: 49.0%
2002: 47.0%
2001: 48.0%
2000: 49.3%
1999: 49.6%
1998: 49.4%
1997: 45.6%
1996: 44.2%
1995: 41.5%

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Handgun Homicides

ChartIn South Africa, annual handgun homicides total

2000: 6,72433
1999: 7,183
1998: 7,032
1997: 6,590
1996: 6,696
1995: 9,019
1994: 9,144

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Rate of Handgun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of handgun homicide per 100,000 population is

2000: 14.975
1999: 16.20
1998: 16.06
1997: 15.25
1996: 15.69
1995: 21.40
1994: 21.97

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Long Gun Homicides

ChartIn South Africa, annual long gun homicides total

2000: 2,60333
1999: 3,071
1998: 3,037
1997: 2,722
1996: 1,300
1995: 1,421
1994: 1,423

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Rate of Long Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of long gun homicide per 100,000 population is

2000: 5.805
1999: 6.92
1998: 6.94
1997: 6.30
1996: 3.05
1995: 3.37
1994: 3.42

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Gun Homicides (Other)

ChartIn South Africa, annual gun homicides (other) total

2000: 1,52733
1999: 1,757
1998: 2,185
1997: 1,868
1996: 2,592
1995: 291
1994: 618

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Rate of Gun Homicide (Other) per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of gun homicide (other) per 100,000 population is

2000: 3.405
1999: 3.96
1998: 4.99
1997: 4.32
1996: 6.07
1995: 0.69
1994: 1.48

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn South Africa, annual suicides by any means total

2008: 3,12523
2000: 1,78225
1999: 1,15726 43

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 6.255
2000: 3.97
1999: 2.615 43

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Gun Suicides

ChartIn South Africa, annual firearm suicides total

2010: 2722
2008: 42223
1999: 40444 43

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2010: 0.122
2008: 0.845
1999: 0.915 43

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Unintentional Gun Deaths

ChartIn South Africa, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2010: 3422
1999: 945 43

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2010: 0.075
1999: 0.025 43

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn South Africa, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2010: 422
1999: 4846 43

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2010: 0.015
1999: 0.115 43

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In South Africa, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence47 48 49 50 51 52

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, South Africa was ranked 'medium'53

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In South Africa, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from South Africa is reported by Customs to be US$20,034,75862 (2011)

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, South Africa was categorized as 'mid-level'63

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Firearm Imports

In South Africa, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law54 55 56 57 58 59 60

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to South Africa is reported by Customs to be US$23,643,43762 (2011)64 65 66 67

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in South Africa is high68 69 70 71 72

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In South Africa, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law73 74 75

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in South Africa include55 58 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

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Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

ChartIn its annual Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer, the Small Arms Survey compares public reporting among major arms exporting nations on a scale from strong to weak (25 to zero). In recent years, South Africa scored

2016: 11.2576
2014: 3.5077
2013: 2.0078
2012: 2.0079
2011: 2.0080
2010: 2.0081
2009: 2.0082
2008: 2.0083
2007: 2.0084
2006: 2.2585
2005: 4.0086
2004: 3.5087

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in South Africa is categorised as restrictive88

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in South Africa includes the Firearms Control Act 2000,89 the Firearms Control regulations 2004,90 the National Conventional Arms Control Act of 200258 and the Domestic Violence Act91

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in South Africa are regulated by the National Commissioner92 and the South African Police Service93

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Right to Possess Firearms

In South Africa, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law94 95 96

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In South Africa, civilians are not allowed to possess semi-automatic firearms without special endorsement,97 automatic firearms and specifically modified firearms98

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In South Africa, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited98 28

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In South Africa, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited, with few exceptions98 97

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Regulation of Handguns

In South Africa, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence98 97 28

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In South Africa, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law97 28

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In South Africa, only licensed gun owners96 99 100 28 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in South Africa are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, work97 101 102 103 104 105

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in South Africa is 21 years, with some exceptions that may include the fact that the applicant conducts a business, is gainfully employed, a dedicated hunter, a dedicated sports person or a private collector106 104

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in South Africa must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health, medical, domestic violence, addiction, employment, and previous firearm licence107 108 109 110 28 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In South Africa, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are required111

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in South Africa stipulates107 108 109 110 91 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In South Africa, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required107 112 100 113 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In South Africa, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every two to ten years114

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Licensing Records

In South Africa, authorities maintain a record115 116 117 118 56 119 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in South Africa are permitted to possess 1 firearm per firearm licence120

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in South Africa are permitted to possess up to 2,400 primers or 200 cartridges per firearm, for all those other than dedicated hunters or sports-shooters121 122

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In South Africa, the law requires115 116 123 124 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In South Africa, licensed firearm dealers are required115 125 126 127 56 124 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In South Africa, licensed gun makers are required115 128 129 124 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In South Africa, State agencies are required115 130 131 132 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In South Africa, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited unless conducted by a licensed firearm dealer133 61

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In South Africa, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful133 134 60

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Number of Licensed Gun Dealers

ChartThe number of licensed firearm dealers in South Africa is reported to be

2006: 50134
2000: 720
1999: 644135

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In South Africa, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is 4 months for civilian competency certificates and 30 days for individual security officer certificates136

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In South Africa, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated137 138 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in South Africa include139 140 141 142 143 144 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in South Africa include139 140 47 145 48 143 144 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in South Africa include132 146 147 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in South Africa include139 148 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In South Africa, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law149 123 150 151 152 48

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Firearm Tracing

In South Africa, state authorities carry out153 154 151 155 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Record of Firearms and Ammunition

In South Africa, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are not156 recorded in a register

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In South Africa, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited157 28

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In South Africa, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed without a permit157 28

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Gun Free Zones

In South Africa, private guns are prohibited in educational institutions, churches, community centres, health facilities, NGOs, taverns, banks, corporate buildings, government buildings and some public spaces such as sport stadiums158 159

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In South Africa, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm160 is up to 15 years in prison161

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in South Africa are known to have162 163 164 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

ChartIn South Africa, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be

2013: 4,936165
2012: 4,876
2010: 42,329162 166
2005: 62,404163 166
1994: 900166

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn South Africa, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2013: 20,145167
2012: 25,615
2011: 19,327168
2010: 21,268169
2009: 17,824170
2008: 17,157171
2007: 13,120172
2006: 182,315163 173
2005: 23,813172
2004: 30,208172 173
2003: 21,607
2002: 19,756172
2001: 15,421
1999: 14,272
1998: 20,702174 172
1997: 14,970
1996: 18,154
1995: 16,290
1994: 14,789

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Small Arms Destroyed

ChartIn South Africa, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

2014: 36,750175 176
2013: 56,051177
2012: 119,810178
2011: 46,527179
2010: 167,240180
2009/14: 306,111176
2009: 111,491181
2008: 64,408182
2007: 74,592183
2006: 161,049
2005: 88,114
2004: 79,657
2003: 72,158
2002: 26,768
2001: 16,223183 164
2000: 12,416183
1999: 115,711184
1998/2001: 262,667

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In South Africa, it is state policy185 186 187 188 132 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, South Africa adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 2006189 190

Southern African Development Community

As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Africa signed the SADC Declaration Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials in March 2001. This laid the ground for the August, 2001 adoption of the legally binding SADC Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials191

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 2006192 by South Africa.

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United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

The United Nations Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified193 by South Africa

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified194 by South Africa

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, South Africa committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects195

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored South Africa against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 95196 197 198 199 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, South Africa has submitted one or more national reports200 201 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In South Africa, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated202 201

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In South Africa, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated202 201

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of South Africa submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent202

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated201 by South Africa to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided201 to South Africa by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, South Africa has not declared203 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, South Africa has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1945204

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists205 South Africa as a Participating State

BackgroundCountry Profile

Link
Conflict Profile

For a profile of conflict in South Africa, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where South Africa ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

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Tracey, Lauren.2013.‘Number of Registered Firearms.’ Avoiding Stray Bullets - the Need for Improved Firearms Control.Pretoria:Transnational Threats and International Crime Division, Institute for Security Studies,11 March. (Q8743)Full Citation

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Gould, Chandre, Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana and Dennis Rubel.2004.‘Civilian Ownership and Illegal Firearms - Introduction.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8764)Full Citation

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Keegan, Margaret.2005.‘The Proliferation of Firearms in South Africa, 1994-2004.’ Gun Free South Africa.Johannesburg:Gun Free South Africa,30 April. (Q2068)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - South Africa.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,23 May. (Q4276)Full Citation

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Gould, Chandre, Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana and Dennis Rubel.2004.‘Assessing the Extent of Civilian Ownership - Registered Firearms.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8765)Full Citation

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Chetty, Robert (ed.).2000.‘Legal Firearm Distribution in South Africa.’ Firearm Use and Distribution in South Africa.Pretoria:The National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC) Firearm Programme,1 February. (Q8778)Full Citation

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United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

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Minnaar, Anthony.2001.‘Current Ownership and Numbers Profile.’ The 'Great Gun Debate' in South Africa: An Examination of the Struggle to Legislate for Stricter Firearm Controls.Johannesburg:Institute for Human Rights & Criminal Justice Studies, Technikon SA,30 September. (Q8841)Full Citation

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Chetty, Robert (ed.).2000.‘Persons Holding More Than One Firearm Licence.’ Firearm Use and Distribution in South Africa.Pretoria:The National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC) Firearm Programme,1 February. (Q8780)Full Citation

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Gould, Chandre, Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana and Dennis Rubel.2004.‘Introduction.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8756)Full Citation

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Lamb, Guy.2008.‘Section 2: Civilian Firearm Diversion (Loss and Theft).’ 'Under the Gun': An Assessment of Firearm Crime and Violence in South Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies, Arms Management Programme,1 March. (Q8770)Full Citation

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Gould, Chandre, Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana and Dennis Rubel.2004.‘Assessing the Extent of Civilian Ownership - Conclusion.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8766)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

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Gould, Chandre, Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana and Dennis Rubel.2004.‘South African National Defence Force Firearms.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8763)Full Citation

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Abrahams, Naeemah, Rachel Jewkes and Shanaaz Mathews.2010.‘Firearm-Related Crime - Firearm Ownership.’ Guns and Gender-based Violence in South Africa.Cape Town:South African Medical Journal (SAMJ),1 September. (Q6635)Full Citation

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Gould, Chandre, Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana and Dennis Rubel.2004.‘Assessing the SAPS Stockpile.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8762)Full Citation

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South Africa.2013.‘Active Firearms.’ SAPS Annual Report 2012/13.Pretoria:South African Police Service (SAPS),31 August. (Q8750)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 1 - Estimated Law Enforcement Firearms in 20 Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q6544)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 2 - Examples of Police Firearms Per Officer in Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q6545)Full Citation

22.

Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo.2015.‘Number and Rate of Gun Deaths in 90 Countries (Número e taxas de mortalidade por AF segundo causa básica em 90 países do mundo).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo).Brasilia:Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute,1 January. (Q11896)Full Citation

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Hilton, Donson.2009.‘External Causes of Death - Violence - Suicide.’ A Profile of Fatal Injuries in South Africa 2008 - 10th Annual Report for South Africa Based on the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS).Johannesburg:South African Medical Research Council (MRC), University of South Africa (UNISA), Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Progamme (CVILP),1 November. (Q6637)Full Citation

24.

Campbell, N. M., J. G. Colville, Y. van der Heyde and A. B. van As.2013.‘Total Gun Deaths 2005.’ Firearm Injuries to Children in Cape Town, South Africa: Impact of the 2004 Firearms Control Act.Cape Town:The South African Journal of Surgery,1 August. (Q8877)Full Citation

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