Singapore — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers
Civilian GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Privately Owned FirearmsChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Singapore is 

2017: 20,0001
2005: 22,0002
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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 PopulationChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Singapore is 

2017: 0.31
2007: 0.52
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Number of Privately Owned RiflesIn Singapore, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 1033
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Number of Privately Owned ShotgunsIn Singapore, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 2143
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Number of Privately Owned HandgunsIn Singapore, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 4763
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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World RankingIn a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Singapore ranked at No. 1754
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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World RankingIn a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Singapore ranked at No.1954
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Number of Registered FirearmsThe number of registered guns in Singapore is reported to be 

2017: 7951
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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 PopulationThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Singapore is 

2017: 0.015
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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit FirearmsUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,6 but in Singapore there are estimated to be 

2017: 19,2051
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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 PopulationUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,6 but in Singapore the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 

2017: 0.335
Government GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Military FirearmsThe defence forces of Singapore are reported to have 574,1407 firearms
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Number of Law Enforcement FirearmsPolice in Singapore are reported to have 9,0008 firearms

ImpactsDeath and InjuryCompare
Total Number of Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual deaths resulting from firearms total 

29
1
3
2
1
1 
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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.039
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.02
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Total Number of Male Gun DeathsChartIn Singapore, annual male deaths resulting from firearms total 

29
1
3
2
1
1
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Rate of Male Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of male gun death per 100,000 population is 

0.079
0.04
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.04
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Total Number of Female Gun DeathsChartIn Singapore, annual female deaths resulting from firearms total 

09
0
0
0
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Homicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual homicides by any means total 

1010
12
9
11
18
14
14
17
11
1611 12
19
20
27
18
1711 12 13
21
2111 12 14
24
2211 12
30
3711 12 15
4012 15
37
3912
31
51 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.1710
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.32
0.25
0.25
0.31
0.20
0.30
0.37
0.40
0.55
0.37
0.411 12 13
0.5
0.511 12 14
0.6
0.511 12
0.7
0.911 12 15
1.0115 12
0.94
1.112
0.9
1.5
1.7116
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual male homicides by any means total 

1010
10
4
12
22
22
7
11
5
10
16
13
16
13
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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.1610
0.16
0.07
0.20
0.37
0.38
0.24
0.39
0.18
0.36
0.60
0.53
0.67
0.56
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual female homicides by any means total 

1010
14
14
10
14
6
7
6
6
6
3
7
11
5
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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.1810
0.25
0.26
0.18
0.26
0.11
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.12
0.28
0.45
0.21
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Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual firearm homicides total 

09
0
0
0
011
0
0
0
0
111 13
0
014
0
115 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

09
0
0
0
0.005
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.025 13
0.00
0.0014
0.00
0.0215
0.0717
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Singapore, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

0%11
0%
0%
0%
0%
6%
0%
0.0%12
0.0%
2.7%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Singapore, annual male firearm homicides total 

09
0
0
0
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Singapore, annual female firearm homicides total 

09
0
0
0
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Suicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual suicides by any means total 

4029
307
336
330
355
358
392
37118 
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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

6.599
0
5.21
5.81
5.82
6.38
6.56
7.32
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.7218
14.0619
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Male Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual male suicides by any means total 

2689
198
212
219
250
246
243
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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

8.989
6.87
7.49
7.88
9.16
9.19
9.25
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Female Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual female suicides by any means total 

1349
109
124
1119
105
112
149
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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

4.299
3.62
4.20
3.83
3.70
4.03
5.47
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Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual firearm suicides total 

29
19
0
1
0
518 
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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.039



0.02

0.02












0.1218
0.1720
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Male Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Singapore, annual male firearm suicides total 

29
1
0
1
0
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Rate of Male Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of male firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.079
0.04
0.04
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Female Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Singapore, annual female firearm suicides total 

09
0
0
0
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Unintentional Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual unintentional shooting deaths total 

19
0
0
0
118 
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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is 

0.029
0
0
0.02
0.0218
0.0021
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Unintentional Male Gun DeathsChartIn Singapore, annual unintentional male shooting deaths total 

19
0
0
0
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Rate of Unintentional Male Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleIn Singapore, the annual rate of unintentional male shooting death per 100,000 population is 

0.049
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Unintentional Female Gun DeathsChartIn Singapore, annual unintentional female shooting deaths total 

09
0
0
0
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Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

19
0
0
1
018 
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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.029
0.02
0.0018
0.0022
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Male Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Singapore, annual male shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

19
0
0
1
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Rate of Male Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of unknown-cause male shooting deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.039
0.04
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Female Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Singapore, annual female shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

09
0
0
0
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Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Singapore, annual legal-intervention gun homicides total 

49
2 
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Rate of Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.079
0.04
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Male Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesChartIn Singapore, annual male legal-intervention gun homicides total 

49
2
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Rate of Male Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of male legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.149
0.07

ProductionGun IndustryCompare
Regulation of Firearm MakersIn Singapore, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence23 24
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Small Arms Manufacture - World RankingIn a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Singapore was ranked 'medium'25

TransfersGun Trade and TraffickingCompare
Firearm ExportsIn Singapore, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law23 26 27 28
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Firearm Exports (Number)The annual number of firearms exported from Singapore is reported by manufacturers to be 

3129
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Small Arms Exports (US$) - CustomsChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Singapore is reported by Customs to be US$

1,447,00030
310,000
1,621,000
511,000
727,000
1,650,000
446,000
1,065,000
799,000
860,000
11,831,000
9,147,000
8,164,000
12,900,000
22,202,000
7,143,000
1,162,000
265,000
249,000
3,749,000
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Small Arms Exports - World RankingIn a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Singapore was categorized as 'major'31 32 33
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Firearm ImportsIn Singapore, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law23 34 27 28
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Firearm Imports (Number)The annual number of firearms imported to Singapore is reported to be 

7,33829
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Small Arms Imports (US$) - CustomsChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Singapore is reported by Customs to be US$

299,00035
954,000
2,517,000
1,201,000
2,332,000
1,141,000
1,630,000
1,819,000
2,005,000
3,373,000
3,034,000
2,832,000
4,994,000
5,775,000
14,567,000
7,239,000
2,894,000
1,513,000
1,617,000
1,346,000
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Smuggling Guns and AmmunitionReports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Singapore is negligible3
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Regulation of Arms BrokersIn Singapore, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law36
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End User CertificatesCustoms regulations in Singapore include27 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use
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Transparency of Small Arms TransfersChartIn its annual Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer, the Small Arms Survey compares public reporting among major arms exporting nations on a scale from strong to weak (25 to zero). In recent years, Singapore scored 

7.50
8.0037
9.2538
7.0039
6.0040
6.5041
6.0042
6.5043
7.0044
6.5045
6.5046
6.5047
6.0048
6.0049
6.0050
5.5051 

MeasuresGun RegulationCompare
Firearm Regulation - Guiding PolicyThe regulation of guns in Singapore is categorised as restrictive52
Firearm LawGuiding gun control legislation in Singapore includes the Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (as elaborated by the Arms Rules),53 54 the Strategic Trade Control Act (as updated through yearly Strategic Trade Control Orders),55 56 and the Arms Offences Act57
Firearm Regulation AuthorityGuns in Singapore are regulated by the Licensing Officer appointed by the Minister of Interior58 59
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Right to Possess FirearmsIn Singapore, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law60 61 23
Restricted Firearms and Ammunition
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Regulation of Automatic WeaponsIn Singapore, private possession of fully automatic weapons is not specifically prohibited in law62 63 64
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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault WeaponsIn Singapore, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is not specifically prohibited in law62 63
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Regulation of HandgunsIn Singapore, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is not specifically prohibited in law65 63 64
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Law Regulates Long GunsIn Singapore,  civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law64
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Gun Ownership and PossessionIn Singapore, only licensed gun owners23 66 67 64 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition
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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm PossessionApplicants for a gun owner’s licence in Singapore are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example sports shooting and self-protection68 69 70 71 72
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Minimum Age for Firearm PossessionThe minimum age for gun ownership in Singapore is 18 for sports shooting68, or 21 for self-protection70
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Gun Owner Background ChecksAn applicant for a firearm licence in Singapore must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health, medical, and Gun Club Membership68 70 58 64 records
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Reference Required for Firearm LicenceIn Singapore, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are required73
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Domestic Violence and FirearmsWhere a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Singapore stipulates74 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked
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Firearm Safety TrainingIn Singapore, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required70 72 for a firearm licence
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Gun Owner Licensing PeriodIn Singapore, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every two years75 67
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Licensing RecordsIn Singapore, authorities maintain a record63 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition
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Limit on Number of GunsLicensed firearm owners in Singapore are permitted to possess any number of firearms65
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Limit on Quantity, Type of AmmunitionLicensed firearm owners in Singapore are permitted to possess a limited quantity of ammunition76
Firearm Registration
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Civilian Gun RegistrationIn Singapore, the law requires63 77 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register
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Gun Dealer Record KeepingIn Singapore, licensed firearm dealers are required78 79 63 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority
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Gun Manufacturer Record KeepingIn Singapore, licensed gun makers are required78 24 77 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority
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State-Owned Firearm RecordsIn Singapore, State agencies are required80 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control
Gun Sales and Transfers
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Regulation of Private Gun SalesIn Singapore, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited81
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Regulation of Dealer Gun SalesIn Singapore, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful81
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Waiting Period for Gun PossessionIn Singapore, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined65
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Regulation of Gun ShowsIn Singapore, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated65 in law
Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition
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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - PrivateFirearm regulations in Singapore include71 69 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners
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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - DealerFirearm regulations in Singapore include82 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers
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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - GovernmentGovernment regulations in Singapore include80 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities
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Firearm and Ammunition Transport RegulationsRegulations in Singapore do not include65 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit
Carrying Guns
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Carrying Guns Openly in PublicIn Singapore, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit71 64
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Carrying Hidden Handguns in PublicIn Singapore, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit71 64
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Penalty for Illicit Firearm PossessionIn Singapore, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm83 is up to 10 years in prison and six strokes of the cane84 75

MeasuresInternational ControlsCompare
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and DevelopmentThe Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was not signed85 by Singapore.
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Arms Trade TreatyThe Arms Trade Treaty has been signed, but not yet ratified86 by Singapore
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United Nations Firearms ProtocolThe United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed87 by Singapore
United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA
UNPoA CommitmentOn 21 July 2001, Singapore committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects88
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UNPoA National ReportingUnder the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Singapore has submitted one or more national reports89 on its implementation of the UNPoA
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UNPoA National Point of ContactIn Singapore, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated89
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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and SupportIn National Reports of Singapore submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent89
UNPoA International Assistance – DonorFunds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated89 by Singapore to other UN Member States
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United Nations Small Arms RegisterAccording to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Singapore has not declared90 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.
United Nations MembershipIn the UN List of Member States, Singapore has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196591
Wassenaar ArrangementThe Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list92 Singapore as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal ProfileLink
About SDG 16The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part.

SDG 16,93 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2).

In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.
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Homicides (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual homicides by any means total 

1010
12
9
11
18
14
14
17
11
1611 12
19
20
27
18
1711 12 13
21
2111 12 14
24
2211 12
30
3711 12 15
4012 15
37
3912
31
51 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.1710
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.32
0.25
0.25
0.31
0.20
0.30
0.37
0.40
0.55
0.37
0.411 12 13
0.5
0.511 12 14
0.6
0.511 12
0.7
0.911 12 15
1.0115 12
0.94
1.112
0.9
1.5
1.7116
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual male homicides by any means total 

1010
10
4
12
22
22
7
11
5
10
16
13
16
13
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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.1610
0.16
0.07
0.20
0.37
0.38
0.24
0.39
0.18
0.36
0.60
0.53
0.67
0.56
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Singapore, annual female homicides by any means total 

1010
14
14
10
14
6
7
6
6
6
3
7
11
5
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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.1810
0.25
0.26
0.18
0.26
0.11
0.27
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.12
0.28
0.45
0.21
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Gun HomicidesChartIn Singapore, annual firearm homicides total 

09
0
0
0
011
0
0
0
0
111 13
0
014
0
115 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Singapore, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

09
0
0
0
0.005
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.025 13
0.00
0.0014
0.00
0.0215
0.0717
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Singapore, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

0%11
0%
0%
0%
0%
6%
0%
0.0%12
0.0%
2.7%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Singapore, annual male firearm homicides total 

09
0
0
0
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Singapore, annual female firearm homicides total 

09
0
0
0
Link
Conflict DeathsFor a profile of conflict in Singapore, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University
Disarmament
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Destruction and Disposal PolicyIn Singapore, it is not state policy80 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market
Marking and Tracing
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Firearm MarkingIn Singapore, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law77 24 94
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Firearm TracingIn Singapore, state authorities carry out95 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures
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Ballistic Record of Firearms and AmmunitionIn Singapore, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are not originally65 recorded in a register
Link
Global Peace IndexTo see where Singapore ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Singapore on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation
2.: Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation
3.: United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation
4.: GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation
5.: GunPolicy.org.2015.‘Calculated Rates - Singapore.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,11 June. (Q4254)Full Citation
6.: GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation
7.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation
8.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation
9.: WHO.2016.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Causes of Death.’ WHO Mortality Data Base.Geneva:World Health Organisation,1 December. (Q13354)Full Citation
10.: UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ dataunodc.un.org (web site).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation
11.: UNODC.2014.‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in Singapore.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10270)Full Citation
12.: UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Singapore.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6314)Full Citation
13.: UNODC.2008.‘Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed.’ Tenth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2005-2006).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,10 December. (Q10)Full Citation
14.: UNODC.2006.‘Reported Overall Homicide Numbers and Rates per 100,000 Population for 64 Countries, 2003-04.’ Ninth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2003 - 2004).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,10 December. (Q9)Full Citation
15.: UNODC.2004.‘Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed.’ Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (1998-2000).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 March. (Q91)Full Citation
16.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1301)Full Citation
17.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1297)Full Citation
18.: Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation
19.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1302)Full Citation
20.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1298)Full Citation
21.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1299)Full Citation
22.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1300)Full Citation
23.: Singapore.2003.‘Licences Required in Respect of Guns, Arms, Explosives, etc..’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q1115)Full Citation
24.: Singapore.2016.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13039)Full Citation
25.: Small Arms Survey.2001.‘Ranking of World's Small Arms Producers (By Sales).’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q103)Full Citation
26.: Singapore.2003.‘Minister May Prohibit Exportation by Notification.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5177)Full Citation
27.: Singapore.2016.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13040)Full Citation
28.: Singapore.2016.‘International Transfers - Record-keeping.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13042)Full Citation
29.: UN Register of Conventional Arms.2018.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports and Imports.’ UNROCA - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,1 January. (Q13952)Full Citation
30.: International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Exported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16040)Full Citation
31.: Holtom, Paul and Christelle Rigual.2015.‘Exporters of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2012.’ Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 June. (Q11069)Full Citation
32.: Holtom, Paul, Irene Pavesi and Christelle Rigual.2014.‘Exporters of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2011.’ Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,16 June. (Q11037)Full Citation
33.: Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation
34.: Singapore.2003.‘Knowingly Concealing Arms, etc., Imported Without Licence.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5180)Full Citation
35.: International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Imported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16041)Full Citation
36.: IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation
37.: Picard, Michael, Paul Holtom and Fiona Mangan.2019.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2019.’ Trade Update 2019: Transfers, Transparency, and South-east Asia Spotlight.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,12 December. (Q14069)Full Citation
38.: Holtom, Paul and Irene Pavesi.2018.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.’ The 2018 Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 August. (Q13505)Full Citation
39.: Holtom, Paul and Irene Pavesi.2017.‘Key Findings - Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.’ Trade Update 2017: Out of the Shadows.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,11 September. (Q13318)Full Citation
40.: Pavesi, Irene.2016.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2016.’ Trade Update 2016: Transfers and Transparency.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,6 June. (Q12070)Full Citation
41.: Holtom, Paul, Irene Pavesi, and Christelle Rigual.2014.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2014.’ Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,16 June. (Q10547)Full Citation
42.: Pavesi, Irene and Christelle Rigual.2013.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2013.’ Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday Dangers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,2 July. (Q6871)Full Citation
43.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2012.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2012.’ Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,27 August. (Q6869)Full Citation
44.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2011.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2011.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,6 July. (Q10549)Full Citation
45.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2010.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2010.’ Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,14 June. (Q10550)Full Citation
46.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2009.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2009.’ Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.Cambridge:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,9 July. (Q10551)Full Citation
47.: Close, Helen and Chris Stevenson.2008.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2008.’ Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,14 July. (Q10552)Full Citation
48.: Glatz, Anne-Kathrin and Lora Lumpe.2007.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2007.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,27 August. (Q10553)Full Citation
49.: Khakee, Anna, Pablo Dreyfus and Anne-Kathrin Glatz.2006.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2006.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 July. (Q10554)Full Citation
50.: Khakee, Anna.2005.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2005.’ Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War.Oxford:Oxford University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,11 July. (Q10555)Full Citation
51.: Khakee, Anna.2004.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2004.’ Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk.Oxford:Oxford University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 July. (Q10556)Full Citation
52.: Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation
53.: Singapore.2003.‘Short Title.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5174)Full Citation
54.: Singapore.2006.‘Citation.’ Arms and Explosives (Arms) Rules.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,14 July. (Q13324)Full Citation
55.: Singapore.2003.‘Short title.’ Strategic Goods (Control) Act.Singapore:Law Revision Commission,31 July. (Q13325)Full Citation
56.: Singapore.2017.‘Citation and commencement.’ Strategic Goods (Control) Order 2017.Singapore:Law Revision Commission,3 July. (Q13326)Full Citation
57.: Singapore.1973.‘Short Title.’ Arms Offences Act (Chapter 14) [Revised Edition 2008].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,8 February. (Q1126)Full Citation
58.: Singapore.2003.‘Restrictions on Issuing of Licences.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q1117)Full Citation
59.: Singapore.2003.‘Appointment of Licensing Officer.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5176)Full Citation
60.: Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation
61.: Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation
62.: Singapore.2018.‘Controlled Items (Licence or Permit Require From PLRD).’ Controlled and Prohibited Items Under Police Licensing and Regulatory Department.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,24 January. (Q13319)Full Citation
63.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5373)Full Citation
64.: Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Singapore.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9455)Full Citation
65.: Singapore.2003.‘Short Title.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5175)Full Citation
66.: Singapore.2003.‘No Purchase of Guns or Arms from Licensed Dealer Without Licence.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5178)Full Citation
67.: Singapore.2003.‘Conditions of Licences.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5179)Full Citation
68.: Singapore.2011.‘For Target Practice.’ Guidelines on Application for a Licence to Possess Arm.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,26 June. (Q5209)Full Citation
69.: Singapore.2011.‘Licensing Conditions for Licence to Possess Arm for Target Practice.’ Conditions on Application for a Licence to Possess Arm.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,26 June. (Q5212)Full Citation
70.: Singapore.2011.‘For Self-Protection.’ Guidelines on Application for a Licence to Possess Arm.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,26 June. (Q5210)Full Citation
71.: Singapore.2011.‘Licensing Conditions for Licence to Possess Arm for Self-Protection.’ Conditions on Application for a Licence to Possess Arm.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,26 June. (Q5211)Full Citation
72.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5395)Full Citation
73.: Singapore.2018.‘Application Procedures.’ Application for Possession of Arm or Possession and Purchasing of Arm by an Individual/Schools/Government Clubs.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,17 April. (Q13320)Full Citation
74.: Singapore.2018.‘Criteria for Applicant.’ Application for Possession of Arm or Possession and Purchasing of Arm by an Individual/Schools/Government Clubs.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,17 April. (Q13321)Full Citation
75.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5446)Full Citation
76.: Singapore.2018.‘How can we purchase ammunition for practices?.’ Frequently Asked Questions.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,24 January. (Q13322)Full Citation
77.: Singapore.2016.‘Marking and Record Keeping.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13044)Full Citation
78.: Singapore.2003.‘Failure to Keep Prescribed Book or Make Prescribed Entry or Making False Entry.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q1123)Full Citation
79.: Singapore.2003.‘Obstructing Inspection of Stock-in-Trade.’ Arms and Explosives Act 2003 (Chapter 13) [Revised Edition with Amendments to 2010].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,21 March. (Q5181)Full Citation
80.: Singapore.2016.‘Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13043)Full Citation
81.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5392)Full Citation
82.: Singapore.2006.‘Stock to be kept in secure place.’ Arms and Explosives (Arms) Rules.Singapore:Singapore Police Force,14 July. (Q13323)Full Citation
83.: GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation
84.: Singapore.1973.‘Penalty for Being in Unlawful Possession of Arms or Ammunition.’ Arms Offences Act (Chapter 14) [Revised Edition 2008].Singapore:Parliament of Singapore,8 February. (Q5182)Full Citation
85.: GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation
86.: UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation
87.: UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation
88.: UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation
89.: UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation
90.: UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - Transparency in the Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation
91.: UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation
92.: Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation
93.: United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation
94.: Singapore.2016.‘International Transfers - Marking at Import.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13041)Full Citation
95.: Singapore.2016.‘International Tracing.’ National Report of Singapore on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations,6 May. (Q13045)Full Citation

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