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Russia — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Russia is

2017: 17,620,0001
2005: 12,750,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Russia is

2017: 12.301
2007: 8.92

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Russia, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 226,0003

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Russia, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 3,410,0003

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Russia ranked at No. 54

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Russia ranked at No.614

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Russia is reported to be

2017: 6,600,0001
2007: 5,000,0002

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Russia is

2017: 4.615
2007: 3.49

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

ChartUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,6 but in Russia there are estimated to be

2017: 11,020,0001
2005: 7,750,0002

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Russia are reported to have 30,272,9007 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Russia are reported to have 2,432,0008 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual homicides by any means total

2020: 10,6979
2019: 11,202
2018: 11,964
2017: 13,293
2016: 15,864
2015: 16,646
2014: 16,516
2013: 16,033
2012: 16,247
2011: 16,175
2010: 16,690
2009: 21,371
2008: 23,738
2007: 25,377
2006: 28,989
2005: 35,817
2004: 39,396
2003: 42,160
2002: 44,675
2001: 43,556
2000: 41,386
1999: 38,589
1998: 33,98210
1997: 35,40510 11
1996: 39,490
1995: 45,799

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2020: 7.339
2019: 7.68
2018: 8.21
2017: 9.13
2016: 10.92
2015: 11.48
2014: 11.42
2013: 11.11
2012: 11.28
2011: 11.26
2010: 11.63
2009: 15
2008: 16.67
2007: 17.82
2006: 20.2
2005: 24.9
2004: 27.3
2003: 29.1
2002: 30.7
2001: 29.8
2000: 28.2
1999: 26.2
1998: 23.010 12
1997: 23.9
1996: 26.6
1995: 30.8

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual male homicides by any means total

2020: 15,6739
2019: 9,382
2018: 9,917
2017: 11,022
2016: 13,067
2015: 13,057
2014: 12,325
2013: 12,012
2012: 12,008
2011: 12,118
2010: 17,28713
2009: 16,02913
2008: 18,016
2007: 19,181

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2020: 11.729
2019: 12.25
2018: 13
2017: 14.55
2016: 17.40
2015: 17.43
2014: 18.39
2013: 17.96
2012: 17.99
2011: 18.19
2010: 18.53
2009: 24.1513
2008: 27.13
2007: 28.85

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual female homicides by any means total

2010: 5,61013
2009: 5,342
2008: 5,722
2007: 6,196

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2020: 3.539
2019: 3.73
2018: 4.06
2017: 4.46
2016: 5.33
2015: 5.34
2014: 5.40
2013: 5.19
2012: 5.49
2011: 5.26
2010: 5.66
2009: 6.9613
2008: 7.46
2007: 8.08

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Gun Homicides

In Russia, annual firearm homicides total

2013: 1,28314

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

In Russia, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2013: 0.9014

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 44,67315
2015: 46,239
2010: 57,227
2000: 76,937

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 31.3815
2015: 32.47
2010: 40.15
2000: 52.32

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 37,39815
2015: 38,617
2010: 47,599
2000: 64,076

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 56.7815
2015: 58.60
2010: 72.12
2000: 93.30

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 7,27515
2015: 7,622
2010: 9,628
2000: 12,861

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.5115
2015: 9.96
2010: 12.58
2000: 16.41

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Russia, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence16 17 18 19 20

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Russia was ranked 'major'21

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Russia, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Russia is reported by Customs to be US$

2017: 148,000,000
2016: 179,000,00030

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Russia was categorized as 'major'31 32 33 34 35 36

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Firearm Imports

In Russia, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law22 23 37 24 25 27 28 29

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Russia is reported by Customs to be US$

2017: 28,000,000
2016: 21,000,00038

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Russia is moderate39 3

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Russia, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law40 41

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Russia include26 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

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Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

ChartIn its annual Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer, the Small Arms Survey compares public reporting among major arms exporting nations on a scale from strong to weak (25 to zero). In recent years, Russia scored

2020: 9.50
2019: 9.2542
2018: 9.5043
2016: 9.7544
2014: 10.2545
2013: 5.5046
2012: 5.5047
2011: 6.0048
2010: 5.5049
2009: 5.5050
2008: 5.5051
2007: 5.5052
2006: 5.5053
2005: 5.5054
2004: 5.0055

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Russia is categorised as restrictive56

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Russia includes the Federal Weapons Act of 1996,19 27 57 the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation,58 59 and the Convention of 1 July 1969 on Reciprocal Recognition of Proofmarks on Small Arms60

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Russia are regulated by the Ministry of Internal Affairs,57 the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Federal Service for Defence Contracts,19 61 the President, the Government or the Federal Service for Military and Technical Cooperation27

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Russia, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law62 63

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Russia, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms and handguns64 65 66 67 68

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Russia, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited64 69 66 67 68

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Russia, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is not specifically prohibited in law64 67 68

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Regulation of Handguns

In Russia, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited64 69 70

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Russia, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law69

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Russia, only licensed gun owners71 72 73 66 67 74 75 76 77 69 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Russia are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, security3 78

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Russia is 18 years79 77

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Russia must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health, and medical77 80 69 81 records

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Firearm Safety Training

In Russia, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required3 82 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Russia, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every five years.83 70 84 A separate license to purchase firearms is also required and is valid for a period of six months.85

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Licensing Records

In Russia, authorities maintain a record86 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Russia are permitted to possess a maximum of 5 sporting, hunting, smooth-bore, long-barrelled and customary firearms,70 87 and a maximum of 2 less-lethal firearm87

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Russia, the law requires86 70 88 89 64 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Russia, licensed firearm dealers are required90 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Russia, licensed gun makers are required91 19 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Russia, State agencies are required92 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Russia, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without a valid firearms licence93 94

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Russia, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful93 18 90 88 95

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Russia, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated96 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Russia include83 97 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Russia include98 97 90 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Russia include98 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Russia include99 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Russia, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited, with some exceptions99 100 101 83 69

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Russia, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is prohibited, with some exceptions101 83 69

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Russia, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm102 is eight years in prison and a fine59 83

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

The UNCCPCJ, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, lists103 Russia as an elected member

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was not signed104 by Russia.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has not been signed105 by Russia

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed106 by Russia

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Russia committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects107

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Russia against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 30108 109 110 111 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Russia has submitted one or more national reports112 41 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Russia, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated41

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Russia, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated113 41

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Russia submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent41

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated41 by Russia to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided41 to Russia by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Russia has not declared114 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Russia has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1945115

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists116 Russia as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,117 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual homicides by any means total

2020: 10,6979
2019: 11,202
2018: 11,964
2017: 13,293
2016: 15,864
2015: 16,646
2014: 16,516
2013: 16,033
2012: 16,247
2011: 16,175
2010: 16,690
2009: 21,371
2008: 23,738
2007: 25,377
2006: 28,989
2005: 35,817
2004: 39,396
2003: 42,160
2002: 44,675
2001: 43,556
2000: 41,386
1999: 38,589
1998: 33,98210
1997: 35,40510 11
1996: 39,490
1995: 45,799

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2020: 7.339
2019: 7.68
2018: 8.21
2017: 9.13
2016: 10.92
2015: 11.48
2014: 11.42
2013: 11.11
2012: 11.28
2011: 11.26
2010: 11.63
2009: 15
2008: 16.67
2007: 17.82
2006: 20.2
2005: 24.9
2004: 27.3
2003: 29.1
2002: 30.7
2001: 29.8
2000: 28.2
1999: 26.2
1998: 23.010 12
1997: 23.9
1996: 26.6
1995: 30.8

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual male homicides by any means total

2020: 15,6739
2019: 9,382
2018: 9,917
2017: 11,022
2016: 13,067
2015: 13,057
2014: 12,325
2013: 12,012
2012: 12,008
2011: 12,118
2010: 17,28713
2009: 16,02913
2008: 18,016
2007: 19,181

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2020: 11.729
2019: 12.25
2018: 13
2017: 14.55
2016: 17.40
2015: 17.43
2014: 18.39
2013: 17.96
2012: 17.99
2011: 18.19
2010: 18.53
2009: 24.1513
2008: 27.13
2007: 28.85

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Russia, annual female homicides by any means total

2010: 5,61013
2009: 5,342
2008: 5,722
2007: 6,196

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Russia, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2020: 3.539
2019: 3.73
2018: 4.06
2017: 4.46
2016: 5.33
2015: 5.34
2014: 5.40
2013: 5.19
2012: 5.49
2011: 5.26
2010: 5.66
2009: 6.9613
2008: 7.46
2007: 8.08

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Gun Homicides

In Russia, annual firearm homicides total

2013: 1,28314

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

In Russia, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2013: 0.9014

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Russia, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Russia are known to have118 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Russia, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2020: 13,434119
2017: 13,855119
2016: 17,197
2013: 56
2012: 18
2011: 2,233120
2010: 47

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Russia, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

1994/2002: 1,110,000121:

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Russia, it is state policy122 61 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Russia, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law123 16 19

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Firearm Tracing

In Russia, state authorities carry out89 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Record of Firearms and Ammunition

In Russia, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are124 125 recorded in a register

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Russia ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Russia on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates - Russia.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,19 August. (Q4311)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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Picard, Michael, Paul Holtom and Fiona Mangan.2019.‘Annexe A1: Annual Authorized Small Arms and Light Weapons Exports by Major Exporter.’ Trade Update 2019: Transfers, Transparency, and South-east Asia Spotlight.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,12 December. (Q14071)Full Citation

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Holtom, Paul and Christelle Rigual.2015.‘Exporters of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2012.’ Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 June. (Q11069)Full Citation

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