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Papua New Guinea — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Papua New Guinea is

2017: 79,0001
2007: 71,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Papua New Guinea is

2017: 11
2007: 1.22

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Papua New Guinea, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 4023

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Papua New Guinea, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 48,8033

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

In Papua New Guinea, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 7953

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Papua New Guinea ranked at No. 1454

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Papua New Guinea ranked at No. 1452

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Papua New Guinea is reported to be

2017: 27,0431
2007: 27,0432 5

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered guns per 100 people in Papua New Guinea is

2007: 0.506

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Papua New Guinea there are estimated to be

2017: 51,9571

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Papua New Guinea are reported to have 7,2008 firearms

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Routine Arming of Police

In Papua New Guinea, police officers on routine patrol carry one or more firearms9

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Papua New Guinea are reported to have 4,80010 11 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Papua New Guinea, annual homicides by any means total

2010: 71312 13
2009: 69712
2008: 60312 14
2007: 52012
2006: 610
2005: 603
2004: 309
2003: 609
2002: 470
2001: 436
2000: 46512 15
1999: 45015
1998: 502

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Papua New Guinea, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2010: 10.4216
2009: 10.412
2008: 9.212 14
2007: 9.1416
2006: 9.8
2005: 9.912
2004: 15.2017 12
2003: 10.512
2002: 15.6017 12
2001: 7.912
2000: 8.612 15
1999: 8.9915
1998: 10.28

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Papua New Guinea, annual male homicides by any means total

2010: 52618
2007: 40118

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Papua New Guinea, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2007: 11.9118

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Papua New Guinea, annual female homicides by any means total

2010: 18818
2007: 119

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Papua New Guinea, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2007: 3.6418

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Papua New Guinea, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited19 20

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Home-made Guns

In Papua New Guinea, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be moderate21

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Papua New Guinea, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law22 23 24 25

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Papua New Guinea is reported by Customs to be US$

2005: 026

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Firearm Imports

In Papua New Guinea, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law22 23 24 27

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Papua New Guinea is reported by Customs to be US$

2012: 1,161,02228
2011: 1,792,56426

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Papua New Guinea is high29

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Papua New Guinea, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law30 27

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Papua New Guinea do not include31 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Papua New Guinea is categorised as restrictive32

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Papua New Guinea includes the Firearms Act of 1978,33 the Firearms (Amendment) Act of 1996, the Customs Act of 1953 and the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulation of 197322

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Papua New Guinea are regulated by the Commissioner of Police as the 'Registrar of Firearms'34

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Papua New Guinea, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law35 36 37

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Papua New Guinea, civilians are not allowed to possess machine guns, and pistols or high-powered firearms not licensed before 199938 39 40

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Papua New Guinea, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited38 40 13

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Papua New Guinea, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence issued before 199939 40 41

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Regulation of Handguns

In Papua New Guinea, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence issued before 199939 40 41 13

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Papua New Guinea, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law13

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Papua New Guinea, only licensed gun owners42 43 13 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Papua New Guinea are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example sports shooting, self-defence, hunting, veterinary purposes, scientific research, destruction of stock, and any other purpose approved by the Registrar42 40 44 45

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Papua New Guinea is 18 years42 44 45

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Papua New Guinea must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health, and violence42 44 45 13 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Papua New Guinea, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required37

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Papua New Guinea stipulates44 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Papua New Guinea, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required37 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Papua New Guinea, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every one year42 46 47

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Licensing Records

In Papua New Guinea, authorities maintain a record48 49 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Papua New Guinea are permitted to possess 1 firearm42

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Papua New Guinea are permitted to possess only ammunition of a calibre or gauge suitable for the licensed firearm50

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Papua New Guinea, the law requires48 51 52 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Papua New Guinea, licensed firearm dealers are required53 48 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Papua New Guinea, State agencies are required51 54 52 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Papua New Guinea, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited55 56

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Papua New Guinea, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful55 57

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Papua New Guinea, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined37

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Papua New Guinea, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated57 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Papua New Guinea include58 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Papua New Guinea include57 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Papua New Guinea include54 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Papua New Guinea do not include37 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Papua New Guinea, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law52 51 59

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Firearm Tracing

In Papua New Guinea, state authorities do not carry out60 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Record of Firearms and Ammunition

In Papua New Guinea, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are not37 recorded in a register

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Papua New Guinea, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit61 43 46 13

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Papua New Guinea, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit61 43 46 13

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Papua New Guinea, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm62 is six months in prison or a fine not exceeding K1,500.0063

Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Papua New Guinea, it is state policy64 65 66 67 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Pacific Islands Forum

As a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, Papua New Guinea adopted the March, 2000 Nadi Framework agreement, which aims to harmonise small arms-related legislation across Oceania. In August 2003, the Nadi Framework’s draft model Weapons Control Bill was unanimously accepted for consideration by all 16 member states of the Pacific Islands Forum68 69

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200670 by Papua New Guinea.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has not been signed71 by Papua New Guinea

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed72 by Papua New Guinea

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Papua New Guinea committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects73

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Papua New Guinea against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 8174 75 76 77 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Papua New Guinea has submitted one or more national reports78 79 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Papua New Guinea, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated80 79

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Papua New Guinea, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated79

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Papua New Guinea submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent79

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated79 by Papua New Guinea to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided79 81 82 to Papua New Guinea by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Papua New Guinea has not declared83 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Papua New Guinea has been a Member State of the United Nations since 197584

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list85 Papua New Guinea as a Participating State

BackgroundCountry Profile

Link
Conflict Profile

For a profile of conflict in Papua New Guinea, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Papua New Guinea ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

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Maze, Kerry and Yvette Issar.2009.‘Case Study of the South Pacific: PNG: National Registration and Licensing.’ International Assistance for Implementing the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).Geneva:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research / UNIDIR,17 November. (Q1960)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates - Papua New Guinea.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,19 August. (Q4279)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Stockpiles and Trafficking in the Pacific: Police Inventories.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q145)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 2 - Examples of Police Firearms Per Officer in Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q6545)Full Citation

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UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Papua New Guinea.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10349)Full Citation

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Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Papua New Guinea.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9437)Full Citation

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UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Papua New Guinea.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6246)Full Citation

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Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘East Asia and the Pacific, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3814)Full Citation

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UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Manufacture of Firearms.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q688)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2012.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12223)Full Citation

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Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Stockpiles and Trafficking in the Pacific.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q690)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2012.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12236)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2012.‘International Transfers - Licensing and authorisation.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12237)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2012.‘Record Keeping [Import and Export].’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12239)Full Citation

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Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Pacific Small Arms Legislation: Import and export laws in Pacific states.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q162)Full Citation

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Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

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IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

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United Nations.2018.‘National Customs Data on Small Arms Exports and Imports - Papua New Guinea.’ UN Comtrade International Trade Statistics Database.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,1 January. (Q13446)Full Citation

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Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Small Arms in the Pacific: Summary.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q2557)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2012.‘Brokering.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12240)Full Citation

31.

Papua New Guinea.2012.‘End-user Certificate.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12222)Full Citation

32.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

33.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Preliminary.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4921)Full Citation

34.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Administration.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4923)Full Citation

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Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

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Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

37.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Preliminary.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4922)Full Citation

38.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Banned Weapons.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q675)Full Citation

39.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Person Not to Own, etc. Pistol or High-Powered Firearm Without Licence.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q660)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Interpretation.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q661)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2008.‘Cooperation in Respect of Tracing.’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,16 June. (Q4627)Full Citation

42.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Firearm Licences.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q662)Full Citation

43.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Use, Carriage and Possession of Firearms.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4924)Full Citation

44.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Revocation of Firearm Licences.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4926)Full Citation

45.

Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Permits Not to be Issued to Certain Persons.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4927)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Period of Permit.’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4928)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2005.‘Marking, Record Keeping and Tracing.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,26 April. (Q683)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.1978.‘Ammunition Dealers to Keep Records, etc..’ Firearms Act (1978).Port Moresby:National Parliament,1 January. (Q4931)Full Citation

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Papua New Guinea.2012.‘Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Papua New Guinea on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12241)Full Citation

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