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Panama — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Panama is

2017: 436,0001
2012: 450,0002 3 4

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Panama is

2017: 10.801
2012: 12.92 3

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Panama ranked at No. 665

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Panama ranked at No. 263

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Panama is reported to be

2017: 180,0001
2016: 180,0006
2010: 107,6347
2009: 126,9088
2006: 65,4369 10 4
2005: 96,6143
2001: 96,6148

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Panama is

2016: 4.8611
2010: 3.16
2009: 3.78
2006: 1.999
2005: 3.0611
2001: 3.27

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Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms

ChartUnlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in Panama there are estimated to be

2017: 256,0001
2014: 130,0004

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Estimated Rate of Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in Panama the rate of illicit firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 4.0511

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Panama are reported to have 29,00012 13 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Panama are reported to have 30,00014 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Total Number of Gun Deaths

ChartIn Panama, annual deaths resulting from firearms total

2014: 47515
2013: 535
2012: 546
2011: 61316
2010: 591
2009: 69817
2002: 26918

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2014: 13.1615
2013: 15.03
2012: 15.56
2011: 17.71
2010: 17.33
2009: 20.7711
2002: 8.96

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Total Number of Male Gun Deaths

ChartIn Panama, annual male deaths resulting from firearms total

2014: 45715
2013: 508
2012: 523
2011: 583
2010: 563

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Total Number of Female Gun Deaths

ChartIn Panama, annual female deaths resulting from firearms total

2014: 1815
2013: 27
2012: 23
2011: 30
2010: 28

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Panama, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 62519
2015: 44720
2014: 62715
2013: 676
2012: 712
2011: 750
2010: 760
2009: 818
2008: 654
2007: 444
2006: 363
2005: 364
2004: 308
2003: 338
2002: 380
2001: 306
2000: 299
1999: 28521
1998: 281
1997: 315
1996: 248
1995: 377

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 11.3820
2014: 13.1615
2013: 15.03
2012: 15.56
2011: 17.71
2010: 17.33
2009: 23.71
2008: 19.26
2007: 12.29
2006: 11.05
2005: 11.28
2004: 9.71
2003: 10.85
2002: 12.42
2001: 10.19
2000: 10.14
1999: 9.821
1998: 9.9
1997: 11.3
1996: 9.1
1995: 14.1

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Panama, annual male homicides by any means total

2015: 39822
2014: 58715
2013: 627
2012: 671
2011: 698
2010: 711

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Panama, annual female homicides by any means total

2015: 4922
2014: 4015
2013: 49
2012: 41
2011: 52
2010: 49

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Panama, annual firearm homicides total

2014: 46115
2013: 527
2012: 542
2011: 596
2010: 573
2009: 67123 21 24
2008: 517
2007: 289
2006: 252
2005: 215
2004: 18521
2002: 22218

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2014: 12.7815
2013: 14.81
2012: 15.44
2011: 17.22
2010: 16.80
2009: 19.97
2008: 15.62
2007: 8.87
2006: 7.86
2005: 6.81
2004: 5.821
2003: 6.4725
2002: 7.1218

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Panama, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2013: 77%26
2012: 77%26 23 27
2011: 77%26 23
2010: 77%
2009: 82%23
2008: 79%
2007: 65%
2006: 68%
2005: 59%
2004: 60.1%21

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Male Gun Homicide Victims

ChartIn Panama, annual male firearm homicides total

2015: 44315
2014: 443
2013: 500
2012: 519
2011: 567
2010: 547

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Female Gun Homicide Victims

ChartIn Panama, annual female firearm homicides total

2015: 1815
2014: 18
2013: 27
2012: 23
2011: 29
2010: 26

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Panama, annual suicides by any means total

2014: 14715
2013: 130
2012: 135
2011: 144
2010: 152
2009: 19028
2008: 201
2007: 191
2006: 20728 29
2005: 19628
2004: 232
2003: 231
2002: 19628 18
2001: 19528
2000: 171

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2014: 4.0715
2013: 3.65
2012: 3.85
2011: 4.16
2010: 4.46
2009: 5.528
2008: 5.9
2007: 5.7
2006: 6.328 29
2005: 6.1
2004: 7.3
2003: 7.4
2002: 6.428 18
2001: 6.528
2000: 5.8

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Panama, annual male suicides by any means total

2014: 12715
2013: 117
2012: 117
2011: 125
2010: 131

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Panama, annual female suicides by any means total

2014: 2015
2013: 13
2012: 18
2011: 19
2010: 21

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Gun Suicides

ChartIn Panama, annual firearm suicides total

2014: 515
2013: 3
2012: 3
2011: 716
2010: 5
2009: 1917
2002: 3118

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2014: 0.1415
2013: 0.08
2012: 0.09
2011: 0.20
2010: 0.15
2009: 0.5711
2002: 0.9918

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Male Gun Suicide Victims

ChartIn Panama, annual male firearm suicides total

2014: 515
2013: 3
2012: 3
2011: 7
2010: 5

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Female Gun Suicide Victims

ChartIn Panama, annual female firearm suicides total

2014: 015
2013: 0
2012: 0
2011: 0
2010: 0

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Unintentional Gun Deaths

ChartIn Panama, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2014: 215
2013: 4
2012: 1
2011: 816
2010: 2
2002: 218

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2014: 0.1915
2013: 0.03
2012: 0.03
2011: 0.06
2010: 0.32
2002: 0.0618

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Unintentional Male Gun Deaths

ChartIn Panama, annual unintentional male shooting deaths total

2014: 215
2013: 4
2012: 1
2011: 7
2010: 2

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Unintentional Female Gun Deaths

ChartIn Panama, annual unintentional female shooting deaths total

2014: 015
2013: 0
2012: 0
2011: 1
2010: 0

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Panama, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2014: 715
2013: 1
2012: 0
2011: 216
2010: 11
2009: 417
2002: 1418

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Panama, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2011: 0.0611
2009: 0.12
2002: 0.4518

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Male Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Panama, annual male shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2014: 715
2013: 1
2012: 0
2011: 2
2010: 9

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Female Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Panama, annual female shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2014: 015
2013: 0
2012: 0
2011: 0
2010: 2

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Panama, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence30 31 32 33 34 but is not conducted in practice35

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Panama, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law36 37 38 39 40

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Panama is reported by Customs to be US$195,49141 (2011)

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Firearm Imports

In Panama, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law42 43 37 44 36 45 38 46 39 40

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Panama is reported by Customs to be US$2,246,24341 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Panama is high47

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Panama, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law48 49

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Panama do not include38 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Panama is categorised as restrictive50

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Panama includes the Firearms Act No. 57 of 201151 and its regulation (to be adopted)38

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Panama are regulated by the Ministry of Public Security, through the Institutional Directorate on Public Security Affairs (DIASP)52 36

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Panama, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law53 54

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Panama, civilians are not allowed to possess weapons of war,51 55 automatic firearms, long guns with shortened barrels, home-made firearms, and armour-piercing, explosive, or expanding ammunition56

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Panama, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited56 27

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Panama, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence57

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Regulation of Handguns

In Panama, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence57 27

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Panama, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law57 56 27

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Panama, only licensed gun owners58 59 60 61 62 57 36 63 64 27 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Panama are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example personal protection,59 hunting, and sports shooting57

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Panama is 18 years65, or 21 years for carrying66 and self-defence67

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Panama must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health, and addiction65 67 27 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Panama, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required68

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Partner to be Advised or Interviewed

In Panama, licensing authorities are not required68 to conduct interviews with, or to advise an applicant's spouse, partner, or next of kin before issuing a gun licence

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Panama stipulates65 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Panama, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required67 66 36 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Panama, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every ten years (for possession)69 and four years (for carrying)70

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Licensing Records

In Panama, authorities maintain a record36 71 72 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Panama are permitted to possess any number of firearms68

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Panama are permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition68

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Panama, the law requires73 71 72 74 75 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Panama, licensed firearm dealers are required76 77 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Panama, licensed gun makers are required32 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Panama, State agencies are required71 78 79 80 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Panama, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited unless conducted and registered by the Institutional Directorate on Public Security Affairs81 82 63

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Panama, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful83 45 36 84 85 77

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Background Checks for Private Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm in a private sale in Panama is obliged67 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Background Checks for Dealer Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm from a licensed gun dealer in Panama is obliged84 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Panama, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined68

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Panama, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated68 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Panama do not include68 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Panama include36 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Panama include78 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Panama include86 59 87 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Panama, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law71 44 46 75

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Firearm Tracing

In Panama, state authorities carry out88 71 72 73 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Record of Firearms and Ammunition

In Panama, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are88 73 71 67 recorded in a register

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Panama, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law61 55 89 66 70 62 90 27

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Panama, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit91 89 66 70

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Panama, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm92 is a fine93 94 95

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Panama are known to have96 36 97 98 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Exchanged in Gun Buyback

In Panama, the total number of firearms exchanged for monetary or in-kind compensation during recent gun buyback and disposal programmes is reported to be 1,73099 (2012) and 550100 (2014)

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Panama, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2016: 3226
2013: 1,868101 102
2012: 1,955102 103 104
2011: 3,011
2010: 2,063105 102
2009: 2,033106
2006-08: 7,083107
2004: 1,576108
2002: 1,835109
2001: 1,704

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Panama, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 986107 (2006-2008)99

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Panama, it is state policy79 110 111 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Central American Integration System

As a member of the Central American Integration System (SICA), Panama is party to the 2007 Central American Programme on Small Arms Control and the Code of Conduct of Central American States on the Transfer of Arms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Material112

Organization of American States

On 14 November 1997, as a member of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Panama adopted the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA), a legally binding multilateral treaty of which the OAS is depository. The CIFTA Convention has since been signed and ratified113 114 by Panama

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 2007115 by Panama.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified116 by Panama

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified117 by Panama

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Panama committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects118

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Panama against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 32119 120 121 122 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Panama has submitted one or more national reports123 124 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Panama, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated125 124

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Panama, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated125 124

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Panama submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent125

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated124 by Panama to other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Panama has not declared126 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Panama has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1945127

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list128 Panama as a Participating State

BackgroundCountry Profile

Link
Conflict Profile

For a profile of conflict in Panama, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Panama ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Estimated Civilian Gun Ownership.’ Measurement and Use of Statistical Data to Analyze Small Arms in the Caribbean and Latin America.Mexico City:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Center of Excellence, National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI),28 April. (Q8972)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

4.

Rodríguez, José de Jesús González.2014.‘Firearms in Central America (Armas en América Central).’ Firearms Trafficking: Context, Legislative Proposals and Public Opinion (Trafico de Armas: Entorno, Propuestas Legislativas y Opinión Pública).Mexico City:Centro de Estudios Sociales y de Opinión Pública (Social Studies and Public Opinion Center),1 December. (Q11774)Full Citation

5.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

6.

IEPADES.2016.‘Panama.’ Implementation of the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in Central America and the Caribbean (Implementación del Programa de Acción de Naciones Unidas para Prevenir, Combatir en Centr.Guatemala City:Instituto de Enseñanza para el Desarrollo Sostenible (iepades),17 August. (Q12179)Full Citation

7.

SERPAJ Panamá.2010.‘Panama Basic Diagnostic (Diagnóstico Básico de Panamá).’ Panama Basic Diagnostic (Diagnóstico Básico de Panamá).Panama:Coalición Latinoamericana para la Prevención de la Violencia Armada (CLAVE),4 July. (Q11906)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Country Analyses: Panama.’ Measurement and Use of Statistical Data to Analyze Small Arms in the Caribbean and Latin America.Mexico City:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Center of Excellence, National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI),28 April. (Q10419)Full Citation

9.

OAS Hemispheric Citizen Security Observatory.2012.‘Legally Registered Civilian Firearms.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2012.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 July. (Q9208)Full Citation

10.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Civilian Firearms Legally Registered.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5679)Full Citation

11.

GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - Panama.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,19 August. (Q4278)Full Citation

12.

Karp, Aaron.2012.‘State Firearms Ownership.’ Measurement and Use of Statistical Data to Analyze Small Arms in the Caribbean and Latin America.Mexico City:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Center of Excellence, National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI),28 April. (Q8973)Full Citation

13.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

14.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

15.

WHO.2016.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Causes of Death.’ WHO Mortality Data Base.Geneva:World Health Organisation,1 December. (Q13354)Full Citation

16.

Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo.2015.‘Number and Rate of Gun Deaths in 90 Countries (Número e taxas de mortalidade por AF segundo causa básica em 90 países do mundo).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo).Brasilia:Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute,1 January. (Q11896)Full Citation

17.

Fleitas, Diego Manuel, Germán Lodola and Hernán Flom.2014.‘Country Profiles on Crime and Violence: Panama.’ Crime and Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Regional Country Profiles.Buenos Aires:Asociación para Políticas Públicas (APP) and Action on Armed Violence,1 January. (Q11452)Full Citation

18.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

19.

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.2018.‘GBD Results Tool.’ Global Health Data Exchange.Seattle WA:University of Washington,8 August. (Q13503)Full Citation

20.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 May. (Q13355)Full Citation

21.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Panama.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6343)Full Citation

22.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

23.

UNODC.2014.‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in Panama.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10175)Full Citation

24.

OAS Hemispheric Citizen Security Observatory.2012.‘Intentional Homicide Committed by Firearms 2000-2010.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2012.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 July. (Q9210)Full Citation

25.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Intentional Homicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5678)Full Citation

26.

Igarapé Institute.2015.‘Homicides and Homicide Rates 2000 to 2014 - Panama.’ Homicide Monitor 2015.Rio de Janeiro:Igarapé Institute,24 June. (Q11118)Full Citation

27.

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Panama.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9436)Full Citation

28.

OAS Hemispheric Citizen Security Observatory.2012.‘Suicide 2000-2009.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2012.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 July. (Q9206)Full Citation

29.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Suicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5680)Full Citation

30.

Panama.2011.‘Repair Facilities (Establecimientos de reparación).’ Act No. 57 on Firearms, Ammunition and Related Materials (Ley Nº 57 general de armas de fuego, municiones y materiales relacionados).Panama:National Assembly of the Republic of Panama,27 May. (Q10408)Full Citation

31.

Panama.2011.‘Security Measures (Medidas de seguridad).’ Act No. 57 on Firearms, Ammunition and Related Materials (Ley Nº 57 general de armas de fuego, municiones y materiales relacionados).Panama:National Assembly of the Republic of Panama,27 May. (Q10409)Full Citation

32.

Panama.2011.‘Repair Requirements (Requisitos para la reparación).’ Act No. 57 on Firearms, Ammunition and Related Materials (Ley Nº 57 general de armas de fuego, municiones y materiales relacionados).Panama:National Assembly of the Republic of Panama,27 May. (Q10410)Full Citation

33.

Panama.2011.‘Prohibited Modifications (Prohibición de modificación).’ Act No. 57 on Firearms, Ammunition and Related Materials (Ley Nº 57 general de armas de fuego, municiones y materiales relacionados).Panama:National Assembly of the Republic of Panama,27 May. (Q10411)Full Citation

34.

Panama.2011.‘Grounds for Denial of the Request - Repair Shops (Causales de denegación de la solicitud).’ Act No. 57 on Firearms, Ammunition and Related Materials (Ley Nº 57 general de armas de fuego, municiones y materiales relacionados).Panama:National Assembly of the Republic of Panama,27 May. (Q10412)Full Citation

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