Regions Europe Northern Europe United Kingdom Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

For combined British figures and legislation, see 'United Kingdom'

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StockpilesGun Numbers
Civilian GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Privately Owned FirearmsChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Northern Ireland is 

2017: 206,0001
2007: 380,0002
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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 PopulationChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Northern Ireland is 

2017: 11.01
2007: 21.92
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Number of Privately Owned RiflesIn Northern Ireland, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 

2013: 18,2503
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Number of Privately Owned ShotgunsIn Northern Ireland, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 

2013: 80,2583
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Number of Privately Owned HandgunsIn Northern Ireland, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 

2013: 13,9353
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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World RankingIn a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Northern Ireland ranked at No. 944
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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World RankingIn a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Northern Ireland ranked at No. 252
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Proportion of Households with FirearmsChartIn Northern Ireland, the percentage of households with one or more guns is reported to be 

2005: 12.7%5
1989: 9.4%
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Proportion of Households with HandgunsChartIn Northern Ireland, the percentage of households with one or more handguns is reported to be 

2005: 2.1%5
1989: 1.5%
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Number of Licensed Firearm OwnersThe number of licensed gun owners in Northern Ireland is reported to be 

2010: 61,5656 7
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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 PopulationThe rate of licensed firearm owners per 100 people in Northern Ireland is 

2010: 3.418
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Number of Registered FirearmsChartThe number of registered guns in Northern Ireland is reported to be 

2017: 153,0001
2010: 141,3939 7
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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 PopulationChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Northern Ireland is 

2017: 8.188
2010: 7.83
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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit FirearmsUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,10 but in Northern Ireland there are estimated to be 

2017: 53,0001
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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 PopulationUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,10 but in Northern Ireland the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 

2017: 2.838
Government GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Routine Arming of PoliceIn Northern Ireland, police officers on routine patrol carry one or more firearms11 12 13
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Number of Law Enforcement FirearmsPolice in Northern Ireland are reported to have 13,00014 firearms

ImpactsDeath and InjuryCompare
Total Number of Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual deaths resulting from firearms total 

1115
11
8
1516 17
1318
3019
1920
2021
2322
2423
1924
1825
1026
5227
2828
2929
3330
5231
11832 
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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.6015
0.60
0.44
0.83
0.728
1.69
1.08
1.15
1.33
1.40
1.11
1.06
0.59
3.08
1.66
1.73
1.97
3.11
7.10
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Total Number of Male Gun DeathsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male deaths resulting from firearms total 

1115
10
8
15
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Total Number of Female Gun DeathsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female deaths resulting from firearms total 

015
1
0
0
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Homicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual homicides by any means total 

1915
25
27
27
26
30
24
41
33
45
52
48
3433 34 35
75
4934 35
39
24
2/06: 29 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.6015
0.60
0.44
0.83
1.23
1.46
1.70
1.38
1.68
2.39
1.94
2.65
3.08
2.84
2.02
4.47
2.92
2.33
1.44
6.0936
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male homicides by any means total 

1415
18
22
23
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female homicides by any means total 

515
7
5
4
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Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual firearm homicides total 

637
5
2
5
5
5
3
518 35
1219 35
820 35
821 35
1122 35
1223 35
924 35
325 38
226
3827
1528
1529
1230
3331
9432 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3037
0.30
0.10
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.20
0.2818 35
0.6719 35
0.4520 35
0.4621 35
0.6422 35
0.7023 35
0.5324 35
0.1825 38
0.1226
2.2527
0.8928
0.8929
0.7230
1.9731
5.6632
5.2439
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Northern Ireland, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

22%40
13%
17%
4%
14%
0%
23%
14.6%35
36.4%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male firearm homicides total 

537
2
215
4
5
3
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Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of male firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.5037
0.20
0.50
0.50
0.30
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female firearm homicides total 

037
0
015
1
0
0
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Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of female firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

037
0.10
0.10
0
0
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Handgun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual handgun homicides total 

319
220
221
322
223
324
126 
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Rate of Handgun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of handgun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.1719
0.1120
0.1121
0.1722
0.1223
0.1824
0.0626
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Long Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual long gun homicides total 

218
119
120
121
222
323
126 
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Rate of Long Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of long gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.1118
0.0619
0.0620
0.0621
0.1222
0.1823
0.0626
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Gun Homicides (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual gun homicides (other) total 

441
216
318
819
520
521
622
723
624
325 
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Rate of Gun Homicide (Other) per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of gun homicide (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.2241
0.1116
0.1718
0.4519
0.2820
0.2921
0.3522
0.4123
0.3524
0.1825
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Suicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual suicides by any means total 

24315
203
220
241
260
282
242
291
213
146
144
183
158
185
154
150
138
143
146 
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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

13.2815
11.13
12.13
13.39
14.50
15.85
13.74
16.69
12.33
8.52
8.45
10.78
9.36
10.95
9.15
8.93
8.23
8.56
8.79
8.4142
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Male Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male suicides by any means total 

18615
164
173
186
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Female Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female suicides by any means total 

5715
39
47
55
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Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual firearm suicides total 

815
4
441
1316 17
718
1819
1020
1121
1222
1223
824
1525
726
1327
1128
1229
2130
1531
1632
2343
19
10 
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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.4415
0.22
0.22
0.72
0.3918
1.0119
0.5720
0.6321
0.6922
0.7023
0.4724
0.8825
0.4126
0.7727
0.6528
0.7129
1.2530
0.9031
0.9632
1.3444
1.438
1.21
0.65
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Male Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male firearm suicides total 

815
4
4
13
Compare
Female Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female firearm suicides total 

015
0
0
0
Compare
Handgun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual handgun suicides total 

141
119
121
122
124
225 
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Rate of Handgun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of handgun suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0641
0.0619
0.0621
0.0622
0.0624
0.1225
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Long Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, the number of long gun suicides is 

141
916
518
1119
520
621
822
523
424
625
426 
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Rate of Long Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of long gun suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0641
0.5016
0.2818
0.6219
0.2820
0.3421
0.4622
0.2923
0.2324
0.3525
0.2426
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Gun Suicides (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual gun suicides (other) total 

241
416
218
619
520
421
322
723
324
725
326 
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Rate of Gun Suicide (Other) per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of gun suicide (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.1141
0.2216
0.1118
0.3419
0.2820
0.2321
0.1722
0.4123
0.1824
0.4125
0.1826
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Unintentional Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual unintentional shooting deaths total 

115
1
0
0
121
124
126
127
045
231
432 
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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is 

015
0
0
0
0.0621
0.0624
0.0626
0.0627
0.0045
0.1231
0.2432
0.1246
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Unintentional Male Gun DeathsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual unintentional male shooting deaths total 

115
1
0
0
Compare
Unintentional Female Gun DeathsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual unintentional female shooting deaths total 

015
0
0
0
Compare
Unintentional Long Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual unintentional shooting deaths by long gun total 

121
124 
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Rate of Unintentional Long Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death by long gun per 100,000 population is 

0.0621
0.0624
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Unintentional Gun Deaths (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.In Northern Ireland, annual unintentional shooting deaths by firearm (other) total 

126
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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death (Other) per 100,000 PeopleIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death by firearm (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.0626
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Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

015
0
0
0
124
228 45
229
231
432 
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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.0624
0.1228 45
0.1229
0.1231
0.2432
0.1247
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Male Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

015
0
0
0
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Female Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

015
0
0
0
Compare
Gun Deaths (Other) from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.In Northern Ireland, annual deaths by firearm (other) in which the cause remains undecided total 

124
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Rate of Gun Death (Other) from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of unknown-cause gun deaths (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.0624
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Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual legal-intervention gun homicides total 

141
118
120 
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Rate of Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0641
0.0618
0.0620

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Northern Ireland, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence⁴⁸ ⁴⁹

TransfersGun Trade and TraffickingCompare
Firearm ExportsIn Northern Ireland, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law50 51
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Firearm ImportsIn Northern Ireland, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law52

MeasuresGun RegulationCompare
Firearm Regulation - Guiding PolicyThe regulation of guns in Northern Ireland is categorised as restrictive53
Firearm LawGuiding gun control legislation in Northern Ireland includes the Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 200454
Firearm Regulation AuthorityGuns in Northern Ireland are regulated by the Chief Constable55
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Right to Possess FirearmsIn Northern Ireland, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law56 57 58
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Restricted Firearms and AmmunitionIn Northern Ireland, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms or semi-automatic firearms other than semi-automatic rifles chambered for .22 rimfire cartridges59 60 61
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Regulation of Automatic WeaponsIn Northern Ireland, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited59 60 61
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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault WeaponsIn Northern Ireland, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence only when chambered for .22 rimfire cartridges59 60 61
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Regulation of HandgunsIn Northern Ireland, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence59 60 61
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Gun Ownership and PossessionIn Northern Ireland, only licensed gun owners62 55 58 63 64 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition
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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm PossessionApplicants for a gun owner’s licence in Northern Ireland are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm58 65
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Minimum Age for Firearm PossessionThe minimum age for gun ownership in Northern Ireland is 18 years58 66
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Gun Owner Background ChecksAn applicant for a firearm licence in Northern Ireland must pass a background check which considers various55 58 67 records
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Reference Required for Firearm LicenceIn Northern Ireland, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are required55
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Domestic Violence and FirearmsWhere a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Northern Ireland stipulates68 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked
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Gun Owner Licensing PeriodIn Northern Ireland, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every five years69 63 64
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Limit on Number of GunsLicensed firearm owners in Northern Ireland are permitted to possess any number of firearms69
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Limit on Quantity, Type of AmmunitionLicensed firearm owners in Northern Ireland are permitted to possess the quantity of ammunition described in the firearm certificate69
Firearm Registration
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Civilian Gun RegistrationIn Northern Ireland, the law requires70 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register
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Gun Dealer Record KeepingIn Northern Ireland, licensed firearm dealers are required71 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority
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Gun Manufacturer Record KeepingIn Northern Ireland, licensed gun makers are required71 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority
Gun Sales and Transfers
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Regulation of Private Gun SalesIn Northern Ireland, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without a permit72 70
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Regulation of Dealer Gun SalesIn Northern Ireland, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful48 49 70
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Number of Licensed Gun DealersThe number of licensed firearm dealers in Northern Ireland is reported to be 

2011: 11273
Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition
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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - PrivateFirearm regulations in Northern Ireland include74 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners
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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - DealerFirearm regulations in Northern Ireland include75 76 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers
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Firearm and Ammunition Transport RegulationsRegulations in Northern Ireland include77 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit
Carrying Guns
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Carrying Guns Openly in PublicIn Northern Ireland, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit78
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Penalty for Illicit Firearm PossessionIn Northern Ireland, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm79 is 10 years in prison and/or a fine80

MeasuresInternational Controls
Regional Agreements
United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal JusticeThe UNCCPCJ, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, lists81 Northern Ireland as an elected member
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Arms Trade TreatyThe Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified82 by Northern Ireland
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United Nations Firearms ProtocolThe United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed, but not yet ratified83 by Northern Ireland

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal ProfileLink
About SDG 16The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part.

SDG 16,84 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2).

In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.
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Homicides (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual homicides by any means total 

1915
25
27
27
26
30
24
41
33
45
52
48
3433 34 35
75
4934 35
39
24
2/06: 29 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.6015
0.60
0.44
0.83
1.23
1.46
1.70
1.38
1.68
2.39
1.94
2.65
3.08
2.84
2.02
4.47
2.92
2.33
1.44
6.0936
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male homicides by any means total 

1415
18
22
23
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female homicides by any means total 

515
7
5
4
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Gun HomicidesChartIn Northern Ireland, annual firearm homicides total 

637
5
2
5
5
5
3
518 35
1219 35
820 35
821 35
1122 35
1223 35
924 35
325 38
226
3827
1528
1529
1230
3331
9432 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3037
0.30
0.10
0.30
0.33
0.30
0.20
0.2818 35
0.6719 35
0.4520 35
0.4621 35
0.6422 35
0.7023 35
0.5324 35
0.1825 38
0.1226
2.2527
0.8928
0.8929
0.7230
1.9731
5.6632
5.2439
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Northern Ireland, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

22%40
13%
17%
4%
14%
0%
23%
14.6%35
36.4%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual male firearm homicides total 

537
2
215
4
5
3
Compare
Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of male firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.5037
0.20
0.50
0.50
0.30
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Northern Ireland, annual female firearm homicides total 

037
0
015
1
0
0
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Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Northern Ireland, the annual rate of female firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

037
0.10
0.10
0
0
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DisarmamentAuthorities in Northern Ireland are known to have85 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation
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Surrendered in Gun AmnestyIn Northern Ireland, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be 2,44586 (2005)87
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Destruction and Disposal PolicyIn Northern Ireland, it is state policy88 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market
Marking and Tracing
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Firearm MarkingIn Northern Ireland, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law70
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Firearm TracingIn Northern Ireland, state authorities carry out89 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures
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Ballistic Record of Firearms and AmmunitionIn Northern Ireland, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are not90 91 recorded in a register
Link
Global Peace IndexTo see where Northern Ireland ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Northern Ireland on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation
2.: Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation
3.: Northern Ireland.2013.‘Long Guns and Handguns Registered in Northern Ireland.’ Response to a Freedom of Information Request.Belfast:Police Service of Northern Ireland,10 February. (Q6607)Full Citation
4.: Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation
5.: van Dijk, Jan, John van Kesteren and Paul Smit.2007.‘Ownership of Firearms and Handguns in Countries and Main Cities (percentages): 1989-2005 ICVS and 2005 EU ICS.’ Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective: Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime / UNODC,1 January. (Q11812)Full Citation
6.: Northern Ireland.2013.‘Number of Licensed Gun Owners, 2008 to 2010.’ Response to Freedom of Information Request No. F-2011-01262.Belfast:Police Service of Northern Ireland,13 January. (Q6618)Full Citation
7.: McEvoy, Elaine.2013.‘Number of Firearm Certificate Holders and Firearms Held on Firearm Certificate in Northern Ireland.’ Email Response to Request on Number of Firearm Certificate Holders and Firearms Held on Firearm Certificate in Northern Ireland.Belfast:Firearms and Explosives Branch, Police Service of Northern Ireland,31 May. (Q6867)Full Citation
8.: GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - Northern Ireland.’ Historical Population Data.Belfast:Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency,21 July. (Q6621)Full Citation
9.: Northern Ireland.2013.‘Number of Firearms Possessed on Certificate, 2005 to 2010.’ Response to Freedom of Information Request No. F-2010-03218.Belfast:Police Service of Northern Ireland,10 February. (Q6619)Full Citation
10.: GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation
11.: Northern Ireland.2009.‘Standing Authority for the Issue and Carriage of Firearms.’ Manual of Guidance on the Management, Command and Deployment of Armed Officers.London:National Policing Improvement Agency, Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland,1 November. (Q6777)Full Citation
12.: BBC News. 2010. ‘Q&A: Armed Police in the UK.’ 8 June. (N287) Full Citation
13.: Keating, Joshua E.. 2011. ‘When Are British Cops Allowed to Carry Guns?.’ Foreign Policy (USA). 10 August. (N288) Full Citation
14.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation
15.: WHO.2016.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Causes of Death.’ WHO Mortality Data Base.Geneva:World Health Organisation,1 December. (Q13354)Full Citation
16.: Northern Ireland.2011.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2010.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2010.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,29 November. (Q6743)Full Citation
17.: Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo.2015.‘Number and Rate of Gun Deaths in 90 Countries (Número e taxas de mortalidade por AF segundo causa básica em 90 países do mundo).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo).Brasilia:Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute,1 January. (Q11896)Full Citation
18.: Northern Ireland.2010.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2009.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2009.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,30 November. (Q6748)Full Citation
19.: Northern Ireland.2009.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2008.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2008.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,30 November. (Q6749)Full Citation
20.: Northern Ireland.2008.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2007.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2007.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 December. (Q6750)Full Citation
21.: Northern Ireland.2007.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2006.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2006.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,6 December. (Q6751)Full Citation
22.: Northern Ireland.2006.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2005.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,30 November. (Q6752)Full Citation
23.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2004.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,30 November. (Q6753)Full Citation
24.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2003.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2003.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,16 November. (Q6754)Full Citation
25.: Northern Ireland.2003.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2002.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2002.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,5 December. (Q6755)Full Citation
26.: Northern Ireland.2002.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2001.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2001.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,13 December. (Q6756)Full Citation
27.: Northern Ireland.2001.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2000.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2000.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 December. (Q6757)Full Citation
28.: Northern Ireland.2000.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 1999.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 1999.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 December. (Q6758)Full Citation
29.: Northern Ireland.1999.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 1998.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 1998.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 December. (Q6759)Full Citation
30.: Northern Ireland.1998.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 1997.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 1997.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 December. (Q6760)Full Citation
31.: Northern Ireland.1997.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 1996.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 1996.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 December. (Q6761)Full Citation
32.: Northern Ireland.1996.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 1995.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 1995.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 December. (Q6762)Full Citation
33.: Northern Ireland.2013.‘Table 2.4: Homicides, 1998/99 to 2011/12.’ Trends in Police Recorded Crime in Northern Ireland 1998/99 to 2011/12.Belfast:Police Service of Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, Office for National Statistics,1 April. (Q6599)Full Citation
34.: Barclay, Gordon, Cynthia Tavares and Arsalaan Siddique.2001.‘Crimes Recorded by Police: Homicide.’ International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 1999.London:UK Home Office,1 May. (Q2143)Full Citation
35.: UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Northern Ireland.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6220)Full Citation
36.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1301)Full Citation
37.: UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation
38.: UNODC.2005.‘Recorded Homicide and Firearm Homicide in 53 Countries, Completed or Attempted.’ Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001-2002).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,15 April. (Q1077)Full Citation
39.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1297)Full Citation
40.: UNODC.2014.‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in the United Kingdom.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10322)Full Citation
41.: Northern Ireland.2012.‘Deaths: External Causes of Morbidity and Mortality - Underlying Cause, Sex and Age-group, 2011.’ Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered in Northern Ireland, 2011.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,29 November. (Q6830)Full Citation
42.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1302)Full Citation
43.: Marshall, David.2010.‘Table 6.14: Deaths from Suicide and Accidental Poisoning, by Cause, 1980 to 2009.’ Registrar General Annual Report 2009.Belfast:Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency,30 November. (Q6628)Full Citation
44.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1298)Full Citation
45.: Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation
46.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1299)Full Citation
47.: Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1300)Full Citation
48.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 24: Firearms Dealer's Certificate Required.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6674)Full Citation
49.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 26: Grant of Firearms Dealer's Certificate.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6630)Full Citation
50.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 44: Firearms Acquired for Export.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6675)Full Citation
51.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Import and Export of Firearms (Regulation of Firearm Exports).’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6854)Full Citation
52.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Import and Export of Firearms (Regulation of Firearm Imports).’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6853)Full Citation
53.: Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation
54.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 1: Title and Commencement.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6639)Full Citation
55.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 4: Application For Firearm Certificate.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6633)Full Citation
56.: Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation
57.: Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation
58.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 5: Grant of Firearm Certificate.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6629)Full Citation
59.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 45: Weapons Subject to General Prohibition.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6657)Full Citation
60.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 46: Exemptions from Requirement of Authority under Article 45.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6658)Full Citation
61.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 12: Certificate for Prohibited Weapon.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6671)Full Citation
62.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 3: Firearm Certificate Required.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6668)Full Citation
63.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 17: Firearm Certificate or Shotgun Certificate Granted in Great Britain.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6672)Full Citation
64.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 19: Issue of European Firearms Pass.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6673)Full Citation
65.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Good Reason to Possess a Firearm.’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6852)Full Citation
66.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 7: Grant of Firearm Certificate to Young Persons.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6669)Full Citation
67.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Fitness to Be Entrusted With a Firearm.’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6864)Full Citation
68.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Intemperate Habits.’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6851)Full Citation
69.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 8: Content and Duration of Firearm Certificate.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6670)Full Citation
70.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 40: Notification of Dealings Involving Firearms.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6642)Full Citation
71.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 38: Record of Transactions in Firearms.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6656)Full Citation
72.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 39: Transfers of firearms and Ammunition to be in Person.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6641)Full Citation
73.: Northern Ireland.2013.‘Registered Firearms Dealers in Northern Ireland, 2011.’ Response to Freedom of Information Request No. F-2011-03215.Belfast:Police Service of Northern Ireland,26 May. (Q6866)Full Citation
74.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Security of Firearms and Ammunition (Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private).’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6856)Full Citation
75.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Security of Firearms and Ammunition (Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer).’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6858)Full Citation
76.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Conditions for the Authorisation of Firearm Dealers.’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6860)Full Citation
77.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Security of Firearms and Ammunition (Transport Regulations).’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6857)Full Citation
78.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 61: Carrying or Discharging Firearm in a Public Place.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6844)Full Citation
79.: GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation
80.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 69: Prosecution and Punishment of Offences - Schedule 5.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6632)Full Citation
81.: UNCCPCJ / UNODC.1991.‘Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.’ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Vienna:United Nations Economic and Social Council / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q3222)Full Citation
82.: UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation
83.: UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation
84.: United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation
85.: Nieminen, T, John de Chastelain and Andrew D, Sens.2005.‘Decommissioning of IRA Weapons.’ Independent International Commission on Decommissioning.Belfast:Independent International Commission on Decommissioning,26 September. (Q6850)Full Citation
86.: BBC News. 2005. ‘IRA Guns: The List of Weapons.’ 26 September. (N297) Full Citation
87.: BBC News. 2005. ‘IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'.’ 26 September. (N298) Full Citation
88.: Stavrianakis, Ann, In: Faltas, Sami and Vera Chrobok (Eds.).2004.‘Storage and Destruction of Surplus Small Arms.’ Disposal of Surplus Small Arms: A survey of policies and practices in OSCE countries.Bonn:Bonn International Center for Conversion, BASIC, Saferworld, and the Small Arms Survey,1 February. (Q3926)Full Citation
89.: Northern Ireland.2005.‘Import and Export of Firearms (Firearm Tracing).’ Guidance on Northern Ireland Firearms Controls 2005.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,1 February. (Q6855)Full Citation
90.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 1: Title and Commencement.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q9169)Full Citation
91.: Northern Ireland.2004.‘Article 54: Production of Firearms for Ballistic and Other Tests.’ Firearms (Northern Ireland) Order 2004.Belfast:Northern Ireland Assembly,10 March. (Q6631)Full Citation

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