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Nigeria — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Nigeria is

2017: 6,154,0001
2016: 6,500,0002
2005: 2,000,0003

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Nigeria is

2017: 3.14
2016: 3.36
2005: 1.31

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

In Nigeria, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 1,000,0005

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Nigeria ranked at No. 166

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Nigeria ranked at No.1336

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Nigeria there are estimated to be 1,000,0005 to 350,000,0008 9 10

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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Nigeria the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 0.71 to 188.12 4

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Nigeria are reported to have 224,20011 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

ChartPolice in Nigeria are reported to have

2021: 586,6009
2017: 362,40012 13 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 18,21014
2015: 18,026
2010: 17,110
2000: 16,374

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.4114
2015: 9.54
2010: 10.31
2000: 13.04

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 13,21814
2015: 13,075
2010: 12,541
2000: 12,052

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 13.5214
2015: 13.70
2010: 14.94
2000: 18.94

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 4,99214
2015: 4,951
2010: 4,570
2000: 4,322

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.2114
2015: 5.30
2010: 5.57
2000: 6.98

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 17,71014
2015: 17,347
2010: 15,799
2000: 12,437

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.1514
2015: 9.19
2010: 9.52
2000: 9.90

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 9,30014
2015: 8,888
2010: 7,226
2000: 5,758

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.5214
2015: 9.31
2010: 8.61
2000: 9.05

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 8,41014
2015: 8,459
2010: 8,573
2000: 6,679

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 8.7814
2015: 9.05
2010: 10.46
2000: 10.78

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Nigeria, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence15 16 17 18 19

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Home-made Guns

In Nigeria, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be high20 21 22 23

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Nigeria, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law24 25 26 27

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Nigeria is reported by Customs to be US$

2021: 484,00028
2017: 95,000
2016: 47,000

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Firearm Imports

In Nigeria, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law29 24 30 25 26 27

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Nigeria is reported by Customs to be US$

2021: 117,783,00031
2020: 148,957,000
2019: 29,378,000
2018: 2,640,000
2017: 34,000
2016: 145,000
2015: 1,535,000
2014: 67,000
2013: 638,000
2012: 1,000
2011: 13,000
2009: 2,000
2008: 1,000
2007: 43,000
2006: 6,000
2003: 2,476,000
2002: 796,000

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Nigeria is high32 33 34 35 36 37

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Nigeria, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law38 39

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Nigeria include40 41 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Nigeria is categorised as permissive42

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Nigeria includes the Firearms Act43 and Firearms Regulations44

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Nigeria are regulated by the President45

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Nigeria, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law46 47 48

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Nigeria, civilians are not allowed to possess machine-guns, military rifles and handguns49 50

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Nigeria, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited49 50 51

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Nigeria, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited52 53

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Regulation of Handguns

In Nigeria, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited49 50 51

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Nigeria, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law51

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Nigeria, only licensed gun owners52 50 51 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Nigeria are not required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm54 55

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Nigeria is 17 years48

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Nigeria must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health and addiction48 51 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Nigeria, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required54 55

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Nigeria does not stipulate54 55 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Nigeria, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required54 55 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Nigeria, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every one year56

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Licensing Records

In Nigeria, authorities maintain a record57 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Nigeria are permitted to possess only that which is prescribed in their licence or permit58

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Nigeria, the law requires57 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Nigeria, licensed firearm dealers are required59 60 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Nigeria, licensed gun makers are required17 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Nigeria, State agencies are required61 62 63 64 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Nigeria, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited65

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Nigeria, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful65 66

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Nigeria, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined54 55

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Nigeria, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated54 55 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Nigeria include67 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Nigeria include68 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Nigeria include62 17 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Nigeria, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit54 55 51

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Nigeria, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is prohibited49 50 51

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Nigeria, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm69 is five years in prison70 18 71

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Nigeria adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200672 73

Economic Community of West African States

In June 2006, as a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Nigeria adopted the ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials. This stipulates strict controls on the transfer, manufacture, possession and security of small arms and light weapons74

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

The UNCCPCJ, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, lists75 Nigeria as an elected member

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200676 by Nigeria.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified77 by Nigeria

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified78 by Nigeria

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Nigeria committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects79

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Nigeria against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 14980 81 82 83 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Nigeria has submitted one or more national reports84 85 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Nigeria, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated85

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Nigeria, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated86 85

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Nigeria submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent87

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated85 by Nigeria to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided85 to Nigeria by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Nigeria has not declared88 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Nigeria has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196089

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list90 Nigeria as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

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About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,91 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 18,21014
2015: 18,026
2010: 17,110
2000: 16,374

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.4114
2015: 9.54
2010: 10.31
2000: 13.04

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 13,21814
2015: 13,075
2010: 12,541
2000: 12,052

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 13.5214
2015: 13.70
2010: 14.94
2000: 18.94

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 4,99214
2015: 4,951
2010: 4,570
2000: 4,322

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nigeria, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.2114
2015: 5.30
2010: 5.57
2000: 6.98

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Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Nigeria, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Nigeria are known to have92 93 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Nigeria, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2017: 4,00094
2015: 2,70395

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Small Arms Destroyed

ChartIn Nigeria, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

2021: 7,22196
2004: 1,466 93
2002/2003: 1,90292

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Nigeria, it is state policy97 92 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Nigeria, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law17 98 99 61 100

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Firearm Tracing

In Nigeria, state authorities carry out101 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Nigeria ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Nigeria on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Small Arms Survey.2021.‘Table 7 Firearms per 100 Population, by Region.’ Nigeria: National Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,23 August. (Q15488)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - Nigeria.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,16 August. (Q4309)Full Citation

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Dowdney, Luke.2006.‘Unregistered Handgun Owners.’ Neither War nor Peace: International comparisons of children and youth in organised armed violence.Rio de Janeiro:Children and Youth in Organised Armed Violence / COAV,1 January. (Q2936)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

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Vanguard (Lagos). 2016. ‘Nigeria Accounts For 70% of Illicit Weapons in W/Africa.’ 3 August. (N659) Full Citation

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Punch (Nigeria). 2021. ‘Effective Control of Illegal Weapons.’ 23 September. (N799) Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2021.‘Characteristics of Firearm Supply.’ Nigeria: National Small Arms and Light Weapons Survey.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,23 August. (Q15487)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 1 - Estimated Law Enforcement Firearms in 20 Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q6544)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Manufacture and Repair of Arms.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 146, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q2204)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Muzzle-Loading Firearms.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 146, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q2200)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Manufacture and Repair of Firearms.’ Firearms Regulations, Under Section 33 , Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q2190)Full Citation

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Nigeria.2016.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Nigeria on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13072)Full Citation

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Nigeria.2018.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Nigeria on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13905)Full Citation

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Lewis, Mike & Himayu Shiotani.2020.‘Artisanal Weapons.’ Weapons and Ammunition Management Country Insight: Nigeria.Geneva:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research / UNIDIR,11 November. (Q14168)Full Citation

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Nigeria.2018.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Nigeria on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13906)Full Citation

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Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Nigeria.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q14001)Full Citation

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Mangan, Fiona and Matthias Nowak.2019.‘The Nature of Illicit Arms Trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel.’ The West Africa–Sahel Connection: Mapping Cross-Border Arms Trafficking.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q14061)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Import and Export.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 146, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q2207)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Import and Export.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 146, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q2205)Full Citation

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Nigeria.2018.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Nigeria on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13907)Full Citation

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Nigeria.2016.‘International Transfers - Record Keeping.’ National Report of Nigeria on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13075)Full Citation

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Best, Shedrack Gaya and Dimieari Von Kemedi. In: Florquin and Berman, Eds.2005.‘Armed Groups and Conflict in Rivers and Plateau States, Nigeria - Small Arms Availability and Sources.’ Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 May. (Q5100)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Personal Firearms.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 146, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q2201)Full Citation

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Nigeria.1990.‘Firearms Act.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 146, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1990.Abuja:Federal Republic of Nigeria,1 January. (Q4344)Full Citation

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