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Niger — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Niger is

2017: 117,0001
2005: 93,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Niger is

2017: 0.501
2005: 0.72

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Niger ranked at No. 1383

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Niger ranked at No.1833

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Niger is reported to be

2017: 2,0001

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,4 but in Niger there are estimated to be

2017: 115,0001

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Niger are reported to have 11,1105 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Niger are reported to have 10,0006 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 2,1437
2015: 2,071
2010: 1,818
2000: 1,678

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 11.507
2015: 11.48
2010: 11.91
2000: 15.65

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 1,6017
2015: 1,546
2010: 1,355
2000: 1,224

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 17.127
2015: 17.07
2010: 17.69
2000: 22.82

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 5437
2015: 526
2010: 463
2000: 454

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.857
2015: 5.85
2010: 6.08
2000: 8.47

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 9477
2015: 926
2010: 797
2000: 517

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.087
2015: 5.13
2010: 5.22
2000: 4.82

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 6087
2015: 594
2010: 504
2000: 316

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 6.507
2015: 6.56
2010: 6.58
2000: 5.89

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 3397
2015: 332
2010: 293
2000: 201

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 3.657
2015: 3.69
2010: 3.85
2000: 3.75

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Niger, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited8 9 10

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Home-made Guns

In Niger, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be moderate11 12 13

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Niger, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law14 15

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Niger is reported by Customs to be US$2,24816 (2007)

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Firearm Imports

In Niger, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law14 15 17

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Niger is reported by Customs to be US$101,23216 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Niger is high18 19 20 21 22

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Niger, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law23 24

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Niger include15 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

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Law Regulates Civilian Access to Firearms

In Niger, civilian possession of guns is regulated by law25

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Niger includes the Law No. 61 27 of 15 July 1961 on the institution of the Penal Code, the Decree No. 63074/MI of 23 April governing the conditions for the possession, introduction, transfer and sale of sporting rifles on the territory of the Republic of Niger, the Decree No. 99 417/PCRN of 8 October 1999 on the creation, functions, organisation and functions of a National Commission for the collection and control of illicit arms, and the Law No. 2004 044 of 8 June 2004 on implementation of the Convention banning the use, stockpiling, manufacture and transfer of anti personnel mines and their destruction17

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Niger are regulated by the Home Office17

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Niger, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law26 27

Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

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Law Regulates Automatic Weapons

In Niger, civilian possession of automatic weapons is regulated by law25

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Law Regulates Handguns

In Niger, civilian possession of handguns is regulated by law25

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Niger, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law25

Gun Ownership and Possession

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Niger must pass a background check which considers undefined25 records

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Niger, the law requires28 9 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Niger, State agencies are required29 30 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Niger include29 30 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Niger, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law25

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Niger adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200631 32

Economic Community of West African States

In June 2006, as a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Niger adopted the ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials. This stipulates strict controls on the transfer, manufacture, possession and security of small arms and light weapons33

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200734 by Niger.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified35 by Niger

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed36 by Niger

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Niger committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects37

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Niger against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 4638 39 40 41 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Niger has submitted one or more national reports42 24 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Niger, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated24

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Niger, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated43

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Niger submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent43 24

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated24 by Niger to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided24 to Niger by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Niger has not declared44 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Niger has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196045

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list46 Niger as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,47 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 2,1437
2015: 2,071
2010: 1,818
2000: 1,678

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 11.507
2015: 11.48
2010: 11.91
2000: 15.65

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 1,6017
2015: 1,546
2010: 1,355
2000: 1,224

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 17.127
2015: 17.07
2010: 17.69
2000: 22.82

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Niger, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 5437
2015: 526
2010: 463
2000: 454

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Niger, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.857
2015: 5.85
2010: 6.08
2000: 8.47

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Niger, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Niger are known to have48 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

In Niger, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be

2006/1995: 16649

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

In Niger, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2012: 21350

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Niger, it is state policy30 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Niger, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law28 8 15 9

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Firearm Tracing

In Niger, state authorities carry out51 9 52 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Niger ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Niger on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

4.

GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

5.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

6.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

7.

WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

8.

Niger.2012.‘Manufacture (Fabrication).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12500)Full Citation

9.

Niger.2010.‘Marking, Registration and Tracing of Firearms (Marquage, Enregistrement et Traçage des Armes).’ National Report of Niger on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q4695)Full Citation

10.

Niger.2018.‘Record-keeping by Manufacturers.’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13706)Full Citation

11.

Niger.2018.‘Manufacture (Fabrication).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13707)Full Citation

12.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Niger.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13999)Full Citation

13.

Mangan, Fiona and Matthias Nowak.2019.‘The Nature of Illicit Arms Trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel.’ The West Africa–Sahel Connection: Mapping Cross-Border Arms Trafficking.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q14061)Full Citation

14.

Niger.2018.‘International Transfers (Transferts internationaux).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13708)Full Citation

15.

Niger.2012.‘International Transfers (Transferts internationaux).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12501)Full Citation

16.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

17.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined - Niger.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4012)Full Citation

18.

Mangan, Fiona and Matthias Nowak.2019.‘Key Arms-Trafficking Routes and Flow Patterns - Niger.’ The West Africa–Sahel Connection: Mapping Cross-Border Arms Trafficking.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q14060)Full Citation

19.

Niger.2018.‘International Transfers (Transferts internationaux).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13709)Full Citation

20.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott, and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Trafficking - Niger.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13998)Full Citation

21.

AEFJN.2010.‘Countries that Send Arms to Embargoed Territories.’ Arms Exports and Transfers: From Sub-Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Africa Europe Faith and Justice Network,1 December. (Q5101)Full Citation

22.

Conflict Armament Research.2022.‘Smuggled Guns in Chad, Nigeria, and Niger.’ Weapon Supplies Fuelling Terrorism in the Lake Chad Crisis.London:Conflict Armament Research,1 May. (Q15891)Full Citation

23.

Niger.2012.‘Brokering (Courtage).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12502)Full Citation

24.

UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation

25.

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Niger.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9432)Full Citation

26.

Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

27.

Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

28.

Niger.2012.‘Marking and Record Keeping (Marquage et conservation des informations).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12504)Full Citation

29.

Niger.2010.‘Management and Securing of Stockpiles (Gestion et Sécurisation des Stocks).’ National Report of Niger on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q4694)Full Citation

30.

Niger.2018.‘Stockpile Management (Gestion des stocks).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13710)Full Citation

31.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

32.

African Union.2015.‘Member States.’ African Union: A United and Strong Africa.Addis Ababa:African Union,10 August. (Q10548)Full Citation

33.

ECOWAS / UNODA.2006.‘Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:Economic Community of West African States Secretariat / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 June. (Q3219)Full Citation

34.

GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation

35.

UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation

36.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

37.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

38.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Findings - Table 3: Reporting States by Rank and Score.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8752)Full Citation

39.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘What do the PoAIM Scores Represent? How Should the PoAIM Scores Be Interpreted?.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8753)Full Citation

40.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8754)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Introduction.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8755)Full Citation

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Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

43.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

44.

UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - Transparency in the Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation

45.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

46.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation

47.

United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation

48.

Niger.2012.‘Collection (Collecte).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12503)Full Citation

49.

Karp, Aaron.2009.‘Summary of Disarmament Outcomes in 45 DDR Programmes.’ Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,9 July. (Q2941)Full Citation

50.

UNODC.2020.‘Arms Seized, Found, and Surrendered, by Type.’ Illicit Arms Flows Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,7 January. (Q14056)Full Citation

51.

Niger.2012.‘International Tracing (Traçage international).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12505)Full Citation

52.

Niger.2018.‘International Tracing (Traçage international).’ National Report of Niger on Its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Niger to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13711)Full Citation