Find Gun Policy Facts

Armed violence prevention, gun control laws and the small arms trade:

Go To ..

Nepal — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

expand all collapse all

StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Nepal is

2017: 444,0001
2012: 440,0002 3 4
2005: 205,0005
:

Compare
Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Nepal is

2017: 1.516
2012: 1.60
2005: 0.81

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Nepal ranked at No. 867

Compare
Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Nepal ranked at No.1607

Compare
Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Nepal is reported to be

2012: 34,4688

Compare
Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners per 100 people in Nepal is

2012: 0.126

Compare
Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Nepal is reported to be

2017: 34,3151
2012: 55,0003 4

Compare
Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Nepal is

2017: 0.126
2012: 0.2

Compare
Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

ChartUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,9 but in Nepal there are estimated to be

2017: 4096851
2012: 3850002 34
:

Compare
Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

ChartUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,9 but in Nepal the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be

2017: 1.46
2012: 1.4

Government Guns

Compare
Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Nepal are reported to have 183,54010 firearms

Compare
Routine Arming of Police

In Nepal, police officers on routine patrol carry one or more firearms11

Compare
Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Nepal are reported to have 62,00012 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

Compare
Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 62713
2014: 558
2013: 606
2012: 642
2011: 679
2010: 813
2009: 806
2008: 892
2007: 841
2006: 633
2005: 913
2004: 936
2003: 757
2002: 858
2001: 848
2000: 635
1999: 63014
1998: 650
1997: 575

Compare
Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 2.3013
2014: 2.07
2013: 2.25
2012: 2.38
2011: 2.51
2010: 3.01
2009: 3.06
2008: 3.43
2007: 3.27
2006: 2.5
2005: 3.6
2004: 3.8
2003: 3.1
2002: 3.615 14
2001: 3.6
2000: 2.7
1999: 2.614
1998: 2.8
1997: 2.5

Compare
Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual male homicides by any means total

2014: 42916
2010: 62816

Compare
Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Nepal, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2014: 3.1216

Compare
Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual female homicides by any means total

2014: 12916
2010: 185

Compare
Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Nepal, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2014: 0.8916

Compare
Gun Homicides

ChartIn Nepal, annual firearm homicides total

2006: 8215 17
2005: 110

Compare
Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2006: 0.306 17
2005: 0.41

Compare
Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Nepal, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2012: 4%18
2006: 13%15
2005: 12%

Compare
Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 2,54419
2015: 2,620
2010: 2,827
2000: 3,649

Compare
Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 8.7619
2015: 9.14
2010: 10.60
2000: 15.54

Compare
Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 1,36819
2015: 1,390
2010: 1,416
2000: 1,978

Compare
Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.6819
2015: 9.98
2010: 11.10
2000: 16.91

Compare
Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 1,17619
2015: 1,231
2010: 1,411
2000: 1,671

Compare
Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 7.8919
2015: 8.34
2010: 10.15
2000: 14.18

ProductionGun Industry

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Nepal, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited20

Compare
Home-made Guns

In Nepal, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be high21 22

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Compare
Firearm Exports

In Nepal, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law23 24

Compare
Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Nepal is reported by Customs to be US$

13000:
2021: 25
2017: 9,000
2016: 8,000
2015: 1,000
2011: 026

Compare
Firearm Imports

In Nepal, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law23 24

Compare
Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Nepal is reported by Customs to be US$

2021: 22,904,00027
2020: 34,496,000
2019: 7,843,000
2018: 535,000
2017: 7,741,000
2016: 5,893,000
2015: 5,687,000
2014: 6,728,000
2013: 6,211,000
2012: 426,000
2011: 1,765,000
2010: 2,692,000
2009: 522,000
2003: 3,288,000

Compare
Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Nepal is high21 22

MeasuresGun Regulation

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Nepal includes the Arms and Ammunition Act 196228

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Nepal are regulated by the Government29 30

Compare
Right to Possess Firearms

In Nepal, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law31 32

Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

Compare
Law Regulates Automatic Weapons

In Nepal, civilian possession of automatic weapons is regulated by law18

Compare
Law Regulates Handguns

In Nepal, civilian possession of handguns is regulated by law18

Compare
Law Regulates Long Guns

In Nepal, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law18

Compare
Gun Ownership and Possession

In Nepal, only licensed gun owners33 34 18 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

Compare
Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Nepal must pass a background check which considers undefined18 records

Compare
Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Nepal are permitted to possess up to three firearms20

Firearm Registration

Compare
Civilian Gun Registration

In Nepal, the law requires35 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

Gun Sales and Transfers

Compare
Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Nepal, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful33

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Nepal include36 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

Carrying Guns

Compare
Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Nepal, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law18

Compare
Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Nepal, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm37 is five years in prison and/or a fine of 100,000 Rupees38

MeasuresInternational Controls

Compare
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200839 by Nepal.

Compare
Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has not been signed40 by Nepal

Compare
United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed41 by Nepal

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Nepal committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects42

Compare
UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Nepal has yet to submit a national report43 44 on its implementation of the UNPoA

Compare
UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Nepal, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated44

Compare
UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Nepal, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated44

Compare
UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Nepal submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent44

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated44 by Nepal to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided44 to Nepal by other UN Member States

Compare
United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Nepal has not declared45 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Nepal has been a Member State of the United Nations since 195546

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list47 Nepal as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,48 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

Compare
Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 62713
2014: 558
2013: 606
2012: 642
2011: 679
2010: 813
2009: 806
2008: 892
2007: 841
2006: 633
2005: 913
2004: 936
2003: 757
2002: 858
2001: 848
2000: 635
1999: 63014
1998: 650
1997: 575

Compare
Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 2.3013
2014: 2.07
2013: 2.25
2012: 2.38
2011: 2.51
2010: 3.01
2009: 3.06
2008: 3.43
2007: 3.27
2006: 2.5
2005: 3.6
2004: 3.8
2003: 3.1
2002: 3.615 14
2001: 3.6
2000: 2.7
1999: 2.614
1998: 2.8
1997: 2.5

Compare
Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual male homicides by any means total

2014: 42916
2010: 62816

Compare
Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Nepal, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2014: 3.1216

Compare
Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Nepal, annual female homicides by any means total

2014: 12916
2010: 185

Compare
Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Nepal, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2014: 0.8916

Compare
Gun Homicides

ChartIn Nepal, annual firearm homicides total

2006: 8215 17
2005: 110

Compare
Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Nepal, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2006: 0.306 17
2005: 0.41

Compare
Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Nepal, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2012: 4%18
2006: 13%15
2005: 12%

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Nepal, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Compare
Disarmament

Authorities in Nepal are known to have49 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

Compare
Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

ChartIn Nepal, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be

2013: 6,70020
2007: 3,47549

Compare
Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Nepal, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2017: 3450
2016: 39

Compare
Small Arms Destroyed

In Nepal, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 3,47549

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Nepal ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Nepal on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

GunPolicy.org. 2016. ‘Number of Privately Owned Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 12 December. (G1) Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2013.‘Total Firearms in Private Possession.’ Legacies of War in the Company of Peace: Firearms in Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 May. (Q8464)Full Citation

4.

Karp, Aaron.2013.‘Table 1: Estimated Distribution of Firearms in Nepal, 2012.’ Legacies of War in the Company of Peace: Firearms in Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 May. (Q8461)Full Citation

5.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

6.

GunPolicy.org.2015.‘Calculated Rates - Nepal.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,15 June. (Q8466)Full Citation

7.

GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2013.‘Registration.’ Legacies of War in the Company of Peace: Firearms in Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 May. (Q8462)Full Citation

9.

GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

10.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

11.

Karp, Aaron.2013.‘Police Firearms.’ Legacies of War in the Company of Peace: Firearms in Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 May. (Q8465)Full Citation

12.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

13.

UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ dataunodc.un.org (web site).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation

14.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Nepal.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6300)Full Citation

15.

UNODC.2014.‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in Nepal.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10279)Full Citation

16.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

17.

UNODC.2008.‘Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed.’ Tenth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2005-2006).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,10 December. (Q10)Full Citation

18.

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Nepal.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9428)Full Citation

19.

WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

20.

Paudel, Lekh Nath.2014.‘Tackling Firearms Smuggling.’ The Highway Routes: Small Arms Smuggling in Eastern Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 November. (Q8947)Full Citation

21.

Karp, Aaron.2013.‘Unregistered Ownership.’ Legacies of War in the Company of Peace: Firearms in Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 May. (Q8463)Full Citation

22.

Paudel, Lekh Nath.2014.‘Introduction.’ The Highway Routes: Small Arms Smuggling in Eastern Nepal.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Nepal Armed Violence Assessment (NAVA),1 November. (Q8946)Full Citation

23.

Nepal.1963.‘Prohibition to Bring Into or Take Out.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2176)Full Citation

24.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

25.

International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Exported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16040)Full Citation

26.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

27.

International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Imported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16041)Full Citation

28.

Nepal.1963.‘Arms and Ammunition Act.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2173)Full Citation

29.

Nepal.1963.‘Power of Government of Nepal to Apply.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2179)Full Citation

30.

Nepal.1963.‘Power of Government of Nepal to Frame Rules.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2181)Full Citation

31.

Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

32.

Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

33.

Nepal.1963.‘Prohibition to Manufacture, Possess and Sell Without Licence.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2175)Full Citation

34.

Nepal.1963.‘Prohibition to Carry Arms Without a Licence.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2177)Full Citation

35.

Nepal.1963.‘Power of Taking the List of Arms or Ammunition.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2182)Full Citation

36.

Nepal.1963.‘Prohibition to Keep the Arms and Ammunition at a Particular Fixed Place.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2178)Full Citation

37.

GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation

38.

Nepal.1963.‘Penalty.’ Arms and Ammunition Act, 2019 (1962), Act Number 45 of 2019.Kathmandu:Nepal Law Commission,5 February. (Q2180)Full Citation

39.

GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation

40.

UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation

41.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

42.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

43.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

44.

UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation

45.

UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - Transparency in the Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation

46.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

47.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation

48.

United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation

49.

Karp, Aaron.2009.‘Summary of Disarmament Outcomes in 45 DDR Programmes.’ Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,9 July. (Q2941)Full Citation

50.

UNODC.2020.‘Arms Seized, Found, and Surrendered, by Type.’ Illicit Arms Flows Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,7 January. (Q14056)Full Citation