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Malaysia — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Malaysia is

2017: 164,7331 2
2005: 370,0003

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Malaysia is

2017: 0.521 2
2005: 1.503

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Malaysia, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 2,2432

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Malaysia, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 70,8762

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

In Malaysia, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 14,7062

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Malaysia ranked at No. 964

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Malaysia ranked at No. 1333

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

ChartThe number of licensed gun owners in Malaysia is reported to be

2016: 89,7712
1999: 142,0385

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of licensed firearm owners per 100 people in Malaysia is

2016: 0.296
1999: 0.63

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Malaysia is reported to be

2016: 89,7712
1999: 142,0385

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Malaysia is

2016: 0.296
1999: 0.63

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Malaysia there are estimated to be

2017: 74,9621

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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Malaysia the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be

2017: 0.246

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Malaysia are reported to have 428,1708 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Malaysia are reported to have 102,0009 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Total Number of Gun Deaths

In Malaysia, annual deaths resulting from firearms total

2008: 8210

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

In Malaysia, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.310

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Malaysia, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 62111
2015: 624
2014: 625
2013: 628
2012: 65212
2011: 630
2010: 54013
2006: 60414 15
2005: 497
2000: 55116
1999: 58815
1998: 629
1997: 540
1996: 447
1995: 396

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Malaysia, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 2.0211
2015: 2.05
2014: 2.08
2013: 2.11
2012: 2.312
2011: 2.18
2010: 1.9217
2006: 2.3114
2005: 1.94
2004: 1.615
2003: 1.6
2002: 1.3
2001: 1.6
2000: 2.3616
1999: 2.59
1998: 2.83
1997: 2.515
1996: 2.1
1995: 1.9

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

In Malaysia, annual male homicides by any means total

2010: 39218

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

In Malaysia, annual female homicides by any means total

2010: 14818

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Malaysia, annual firearm homicides total

2008: 3810
2006: 6415
1995: 4119

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Malaysia, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.110
2006: 0.215
1995: 0.1719

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Malaysia, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2010: 7%13
2006: 13.4%15

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Suicides (any method)

In Malaysia, annual suicides by any means total

1995: 36819

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Malaysia, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

1995: 1.5119

Gun Suicides

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Malaysia, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.010

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Unintentional Gun Deaths

ChartIn Malaysia, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2008: 210
1995: 1619

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Malaysia, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.016
1995: 0.0719

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

In Malaysia, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2008: 4210

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

In Malaysia, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.156

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Malaysia, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence20 21 22

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Malaysia was ranked 'small'23

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Home-made Guns

In Malaysia, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be moderate24

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Malaysia, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law25 26 27

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Firearm Exports (Number)

The annual number of firearms exported from Malaysia is reported by manufacturers to be

2017: 1728

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Malaysia is reported by Customs to be US$

2011: 619,13229

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Malaysia was categorized as 'minor'30

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Firearm Imports

In Malaysia, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law31 32 33 34 26 27

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Firearm Imports (Number)

ChartThe annual number of firearms imported to Malaysia is reported to be

2017: 17,20928
2016: 741
2015: 2,284
2014: 1,898
2013: 370
2012: 93
2011: 10
2010: 181
2009: 1,475
2008: 690
2007: 1,768
2006: 752

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Malaysia is reported by Customs to be US$

2016: 8,012,78635
2015: 25,840,054
2014: 13,774,284
2013: 11,867,620
2012: 15,197,90635 36 37
2011: 9,142,38829 38
2010: 43,000,00039

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Malaysia is moderate5 40 41 42

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Malaysia, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law43

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Malaysia include44 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Malaysia is categorised as restrictive45

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Malaysia includes the Arms Act No. 206 of 1960, as amended by the Arms Licensing Regulation of 1961 and the Arms (Manufacture of Arms and Ammunition) Regulations of 1989,46 the Explosives Act of 1957,47 the Customs Act (Prohibition of Import and Export) Orders of 2017,48 49 the Strategic Trade Act of 2010,50 and the Penal Code51

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Malaysia are regulated by the Chief Police Officer52 53

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Malaysia, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law54 55 56

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Malaysia, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms57 13

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Malaysia, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited57 13

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Malaysia, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is not prohibited in law56 57

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Regulation of Handguns

In Malaysia, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is not prohibited in law56 57 13

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Malaysia, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law57 13

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Malaysia, only licensed gun owners58 13 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Malaysia are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example hunting, sports-shooting and personal protection53 59

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Malaysia is 18 years, or 16 in exceptional cases57

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Malaysia must pass a background check which considers various60 13 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Malaysia, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required56

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Malaysia does not stipulate56 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Malaysia, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required56 61 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Malaysia, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every year53 21

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Licensing Records

In Malaysia, authorities maintain a record62 63 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Malaysia are permitted to possess only the number and type of firearms specified on the firearm licence53

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Malaysia are permitted to possess only the quantity of ammunition specified on the firearm licence53

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Malaysia, the law requires53 63 64 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Malaysia, licensed firearm dealers are required65 62 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Malaysia, licensed gun makers are required65 62 20 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Malaysia, State agencies are required66 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Malaysia, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without licence67

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Malaysia, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful21 67

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Malaysia, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined56

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Malaysia, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated21 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Malaysia include68 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Malaysia include69 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Malaysia include66 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Malaysia do not include56 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Malaysia, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law53 70 22 64 71

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Firearm Tracing

In Malaysia, state authorities carry out63 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Record of Firearms and Ammunition

In Malaysia, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are63 recorded in a register

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Malaysia, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit58 53 13

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Malaysia, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit58 53 13

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Malaysia, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm72 is up to seven years in prison and/or a fine of up to 10,000 ringgit73 74

Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

In Malaysia, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2015: 50075

MeasuresInternational Controls

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200876 by Malaysia.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed, but not yet ratified77 by Malaysia

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed78 by Malaysia

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Malaysia committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects79

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Malaysia against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 7880 81 82 83 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Malaysia has submitted one or more national reports84 85 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Malaysia, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated86 85

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Malaysia, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated86

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Malaysia submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent85

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated85 by Malaysia to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided85 to Malaysia by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Malaysia has not declared87 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Malaysia has been a Member State of the United Nations since 195788

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list89 Malaysia as a Participating State

BackgroundCountry Profile

Link
Conflict Profile

For a profile of conflict in Malaysia, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Malaysia ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

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Martin Carvalho. 2016. ‘Nearly 90,000 Malaysians Licensed to Carry Guns.’ Star (Malaysia). 28 March. (N676) Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

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United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - Malaysia.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,9 June. (Q4261)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo.2015.‘Number and Rate of Gun Deaths in 90 Countries (Número e taxas de mortalidade por AF segundo causa básica em 90 países do mundo).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo).Brasilia:Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute,1 January. (Q11896)Full Citation

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UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 May. (Q13355)Full Citation

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Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

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Malaysia.1960.‘No Person to Manufacture Arms or Ammunition Without Licence.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5133)Full Citation

21.

Malaysia.1960.‘Manufacture and Dealer Licensing.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q1057)Full Citation

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Malaysia.2016.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Malaysia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations,9 June. (Q12955)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘Ranking of World's Small Arms Producers (By Sales).’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q103)Full Citation

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Malaysia.1960.‘Licence to Export.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5137)Full Citation

26.

Malaysia.2016.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Malaysia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations,9 June. (Q12956)Full Citation

27.

Malaysia.2016.‘International Transfers - Record Keeping.’ National Report of Malaysia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Malaysia to the United Nations,9 June. (Q12959)Full Citation

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UN Register of Conventional Arms.2018.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports and Imports - Malaysia.’ UNROCA - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,1 January. (Q13363)Full Citation

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Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation

31.

Malaysia.1960.‘Licence to Import.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5134)Full Citation

32.

Malaysia.1960.‘Marking of Cases and Notice of Importation.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5135)Full Citation

33.

Malaysia.1960.‘Permit to Land or Tranship Arms and Ammunition.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5136)Full Citation

34.

Malaysia.1960.‘Possession of and Importation of Imitation Arms.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5140)Full Citation

35.

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Malaysia.1960.‘Power of Chief Police Officer to Delegate.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5142)Full Citation

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Malaysia.1960.‘Grant and Renewal of Arms Licences and Arms Permits.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5130)Full Citation

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Malaysia.1960.‘Restrictions on the Grant of Licenses and Arms Permits.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q1041)Full Citation

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Malaysia.1960.‘Arms Licences and Arms Permits.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q1039)Full Citation

59.

Malaysia.1960.‘Arms Not to be Discharged Except at Shooting Range.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q1042)Full Citation

60.

Malaysia.1960.‘Refusal and Revocation of Licences and Permits.’ Laws of Malaysia, Act 206, Arms Act 1960 [Act as of January 2006].Kuala Lumpur:The Commissioner of Law Revision, Malaysia,1 January. (Q5139)Full Citation

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