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Madagascar — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Madagascar is

2017: 168,0001
2005: 150,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Madagascar is

2017: 0.673
2005: 0.78
:

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Madagascar ranked at No. 1264

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Madagascar ranked at No.1804

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Madagascar is reported to be

2020: 8,4205

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered guns per 100 people in Madagascar is

2020: 0.033

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Madagascar are reported to have 25,3206 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Madagascar are reported to have 20,0007 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual homicides by any means total

2015: 1,8628
2012: 2,4659
2010: 1,941
2008: 1,58810

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 7.828
2012: 11.19
2011: 0.611
2010: 9.31
2008: 8.110
2004: 11.7012
2002: 9.90
2000: 8.510
1995: 1.7512

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual male homicides by any means total

2015: 1,46713
2010: 9313

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Madagascar, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 12.1513

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual female homicides by any means total

2015: 39513
2010: 37

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Madagascar, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 3.2513

Gun Homicides

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

In Madagascar, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2011: 39%11

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 97314
2015: 958
2010: 919
2000: 733

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 3.9814
2015: 4.02
2010: 4.41
2000: 4.67

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 70014
2015: 688
2010: 652
2000: 511

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.7314
2015: 5.78
2010: 6.26
2000: 6.53

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 27314
2015: 270
2010: 266
2000: 222

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 2.2314
2015: 2.27
2010: 2.55
2000: 2.81

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Madagascar, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence, but is not conducted in practice15 16

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Home-made Guns

In Madagascar, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be moderate17 18

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Madagascar, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law19 20

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Madagascar is reported by Customs to be US$

2021: 21
2019: 2,000
2018: 5,000
2016: 10,000
2013:
2012: 22,000
2011: 6,000
2005: 66,000
2004: 1,000

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Firearm Imports

In Madagascar, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law19 20 15 22

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

ChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Madagascar is reported by Customs to be US$

2021: 421,00023
2020: 1,980,000
2019: 2,836,000
2018: 239,000
2017: 324,000
2016: 43,000
2015: 71,000
2014: 219,000
2013: 87,000
2012: 379,000
2011: 267,000
2010: 208,000
2009: 150,000
2008: 294,000
2007: 81,000
2006: 211,000
2005: 95,000
2004: 2,000
2002: 13,000

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Madagascar is moderate24

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Madagascar, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law25 20

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Madagascar include26 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Madagascar is categorised as restrictive27

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Madagascar includes the Law No. 69 011 of 22 July 1969 on the system for arms, excluding bladed weapons, the Decree No. 70 041 governing application of Law No. 69 011, and the Ruling No. 1545 on the arms categories19 20

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Madagascar are regulated by the Ministry responsible for the armed forces and the Home Office20 and the Ministries of the Interior22

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Madagascar, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law28 29

Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

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Law Regulates Automatic Weapons

In Madagascar, civilian possession of automatic weapons is regulated by law11

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Regulation of Handguns

In Madagascar, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence30 11

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Madagascar, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law11

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Madagascar, only licensed gun owners (for certain arms)30 11 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Madagascar are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, security30

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Madagascar is the legal age of responsibility30

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Madagascar must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health and domestic violence30 11 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Madagascar, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are required30

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Madagascar stipulates30 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Madagascar, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required30 for a firearm licence

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Madagascar, the law requires30 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Madagascar, licensed firearm dealers are required22 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Madagascar, State agencies are required31 32 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Madagascar, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful22

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Madagascar do not include30 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Madagascar include32 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Madagascar include30 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Madagascar, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law11

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Madagascar, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed without a permit, with some restrictions30

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Madagascar adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200633 34

Southern African Development Community

As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Madagascar signed the SADC Declaration Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials in March 2001. This laid the ground for the August, 2001 adoption of the legally binding SADC Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials35

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200736 by Madagascar.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified37 by Madagascar

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified38 by Madagascar

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Madagascar committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects39

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Madagascar against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 15340 41 42 43 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Madagascar has submitted one or more national reports44 45 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Madagascar, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated45

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Madagascar, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated45

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Madagascar submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent45

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated45 by Madagascar to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided45 to Madagascar by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Madagascar has not declared46 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Madagascar has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196047

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list48 Madagascar as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,49 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual homicides by any means total

2015: 1,8628
2012: 2,4659
2010: 1,941
2008: 1,58810

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 7.828
2012: 11.19
2011: 0.611
2010: 9.31
2008: 8.110
2004: 11.7012
2002: 9.90
2000: 8.510
1995: 1.7512

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual male homicides by any means total

2015: 1,46713
2010: 9313

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Madagascar, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 12.1513

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Madagascar, annual female homicides by any means total

2015: 39513
2010: 37

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Madagascar, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 3.2513

Gun Homicides

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

In Madagascar, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2011: 39%11

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Madagascar, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Disarmament

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Madagascar, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2021: 1,26450
2020: 3,3215
2019: 051
2018: 945

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Madagascar, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

2021: 1,72352

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Madagascar, it is not state policy32 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Madagascar, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law31 15

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Firearm Tracing

In Madagascar, state authorities do not carry out53 54 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Madagascar ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Madagascar on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2021.‘Registered Firearms and Firearms Confiscated in Madagascar.’ Response to GunPolicy.org Outreach to UNPOA National Point of Contact 2021.Antananarivo:Madagascar,9 June. (Q14406)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Madagascar.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q9937)Full Citation

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UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Madagascar.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6418)Full Citation

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Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Madagascar.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9621)Full Citation

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Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

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UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

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WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2008.‘Marking.’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,16 June. (Q4625)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘Manufacture - [Record-keeping].’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13726)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘Manufacture (Fabrication).’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13727)Full Citation

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Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Madagascar.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13991)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘International Transfers (Transferts internationaux).’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13728)Full Citation

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Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined - Madagascar.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4010)Full Citation

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International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Exported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16040)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2008.‘Record-Keeping.’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,16 June. (Q4626)Full Citation

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International Trade Centre (ITC).2022.‘Imported values (2002-2021).’ Trade Map.Geneva:International Trade Centre (ITC),31 August. (Q16041)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘International Transfers (Transferts internationaux).’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13730)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘Brokering (Courtage).’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13731)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘End-user Certificate (Certificat d'utilisation finale).’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13729)Full Citation

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Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

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Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

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Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘Marking and Record Keeping.’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13733)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2018.‘Stockpile Management (Gestion des stocks).’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13732)Full Citation

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African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

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African Union.2015.‘Member States.’ African Union: A United and Strong Africa.Addis Ababa:African Union,10 August. (Q10548)Full Citation

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SADC / UNODA.2001.‘Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:Southern African Development Community Secretariat / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,1 August. (Q3217)Full Citation

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GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation

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UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation

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UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Findings - Table 3: Reporting States by Rank and Score.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8752)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘What do the PoAIM Scores Represent? How Should the PoAIM Scores Be Interpreted?.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8753)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8754)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Introduction.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8755)Full Citation

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Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

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UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation

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Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation

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United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2022.‘Collection.’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q15934)Full Citation

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Madagascar.2020.‘Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Madagascar on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Madagascar to the United Nations,1 January. (Q14566)Full Citation

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