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Liberia — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Liberia is

2017: 238,8611
2007: 51,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Liberia is

2017: 5.091
2007: 1.62

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Liberia, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be

2017: 10,8571

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Liberia, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be

2017: 162,8601

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

In Liberia, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be

2017: 65,1441

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Liberia ranked at No. 1523

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Liberia ranked at No. 1292

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Liberia are reported to have 2,5204 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Liberia are reported to have 5,0005 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Liberia, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 1206
2015: 116
2014: 112
2013: 111
2012: 1357
2011: 1617 8
2010: 1297
2009: 145
2008: 1777 9
2007: 1007

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Liberia, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2012: 3.2610
2011: 4.04
2010: 3.38
2009: 3.91
2008: 4.91
2007: 2.88
2004: 16.8011
2002: 32.80

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Liberia, annual male homicides by any means total

2012: 10612
2010: 9012

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Liberia, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2012: 5.0512

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Liberia, annual female homicides by any means total

2012: 2912
2010: 39

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Liberia, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2012: 1.3812

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Liberia, annual firearm homicides total

2010: 179
2009: 15
2008: 14
2007: 10

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Liberia, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2010: 0.49
2009: 0.4
2008: 0.4
2007: 0.3

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

ChartIn Liberia, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2010: 13.2%9
2009: 10.3%
2008: 7.9%
2007: 10.0%

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Liberia, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence,13 but is not conducted in practice14 15

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Home-made Guns

In Liberia, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be low16

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Liberia, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law17

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Firearm Exports (Number)

The annual number of firearms exported from Liberia is reported by manufacturers to be

2015: 018

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Liberia is reported by Customs to be US$957,71719 (2011)

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Firearm Imports

In Liberia, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law17

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Firearm Imports (Number)

The annual number of firearms imported to Liberia is reported to be

2015: 1,74018

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Liberia is reported by Customs to be US$1,737,71219 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Liberia is moderate20 21 22

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Liberia, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law23

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Liberia include24 25 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Liberia is categorised as restrictive26

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Liberia includes the Firearms and Ammunition Control Act of 201527

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Liberia are regulated by the National Commission on Small Arms and the Liberian National Police28

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Liberia, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law29

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Liberia, civilians are not allowed to possess small arms (other than hunting rifles) and light weapons30

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Law Regulates Automatic Weapons

In Liberia, civilian possession of automatic weapons is regulated by law8

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Law Regulates Handguns

In Liberia, civilian possession of handguns is regulated by law8

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Liberia, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law8

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Liberia, only professional hunters30 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Liberia are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example hunting30

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Liberia is 18 years31

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Liberia must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental, health, and human rights31 records

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Firearm Safety Training

In Liberia, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required31 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Liberia, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every three years32

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Liberia, the law requires33 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Liberia, licensed firearm dealers are required33 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Liberia, licensed gun makers are required33 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Liberia, State agencies are required33 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Liberia include31 34 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Liberia include31 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Liberia include35 36 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Liberia, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law8

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Liberia adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200637 38

Economic Community of West African States

In June 2006, as a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Liberia adopted the ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials. This stipulates strict controls on the transfer, manufacture, possession and security of small arms and light weapons39

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

The UNCCPCJ, a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, lists40 Liberia as an elected member

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200641 by Liberia.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified42 by Liberia

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified43 by Liberia

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Liberia committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects44

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Liberia against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 12145 46 47 48 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Liberia has submitted one or more national reports49 50 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Liberia, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated51 50

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Liberia, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated50

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Liberia submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent50

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated50 by Liberia to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided50 to Liberia by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Liberia has not declared52 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Liberia has been a Member State of the United Nations since 194553

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list54 Liberia as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

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About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,55 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Liberia, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Disarmament

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

ChartIn Liberia, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be

2003/06: 28,31456
1994/97: 10,036

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Liberia, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2013: 6757
2011: 17558

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Liberia, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law59

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Firearm Tracing

In Liberia, state authorities carry out60 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Liberia ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

1.

Pokoo, John, Afua Lamptey, Kwesi Aning and Thomas Taye.2017.‘Small Arms Ownership Survey Findings.’ Assessing Small Arms Control Mechanisms in Liberia: A Nationwide Baseline Study.Accra:Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre,1 January. (Q14073)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

4.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

5.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

6.

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.2018.‘GBD Results Tool.’ Global Health Data Exchange.Seattle WA:University of Washington,8 August. (Q13503)Full Citation

7.

UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Liberia.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10004)Full Citation

8.

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Liberia.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9619)Full Citation

9.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Liberia.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6378)Full Citation

10.

UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation

11.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

12.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

13.

Liberia.2016.‘Prohibition of Manufacture of Small Arms or Ammunition.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13780)Full Citation

14.

Liberia.2018.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13779)Full Citation

15.

Liberia.2014.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12924)Full Citation

16.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Liberia.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13988)Full Citation

17.

Liberia.2016.‘Prohibition of Import and Export of Arms or Ammunition.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13781)Full Citation

18.

Arms Trade Treaty Secretariat.2017.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports and Imports.’ Arms Trade Treaty Annual Report.Geneva:Arms Trade Treaty Secretariat,1 January. (Q13951)Full Citation

19.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

20.

Mangan, Fiona and Matthias Nowak.2019.‘The Nature of Illicit Arms Trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel.’ The West Africa–Sahel Connection: Mapping Cross-Border Arms Trafficking.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q14062)Full Citation

21.

Liberia.2018.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13782)Full Citation

22.

AEFJN.2010.‘Countries that Send Arms to Embargoed Territories.’ Arms Exports and Transfers: From Sub-Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Africa Europe Faith and Justice Network,1 December. (Q5101)Full Citation

23.

Liberia.2016.‘Prohibition on Brokering in Arms or Ammunition.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13784)Full Citation

24.

Liberia.2018.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13783)Full Citation

25.

Liberia.2014.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12925)Full Citation

26.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

27.

Liberia.2016.‘Purpose.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13785)Full Citation

28.

Liberia.2016.‘Institutional Arrangements.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13786)Full Citation

29.

Liberia.2016.‘License not Granted as of Right.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13787)Full Citation

30.

Liberia.2016.‘Prohibition of Possession of Small Arms.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13788)Full Citation

31.

Liberia.2016.‘Application for Licenses.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13789)Full Citation

32.

Liberia.2016.‘Termination of License.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13790)Full Citation

33.

Liberia.2016.‘National Small Arms Registry.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13791)Full Citation

34.

Liberia.2016.‘Establishment of Public Armoury.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13792)Full Citation

35.

Liberia.2018.‘Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13793)Full Citation

36.

Liberia.2014.‘Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12928)Full Citation

37.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

38.

African Union.2015.‘Member States.’ African Union: A United and Strong Africa.Addis Ababa:African Union,10 August. (Q10548)Full Citation

39.

ECOWAS / UNODA.2006.‘Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition and other Related Materials.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:Economic Community of West African States Secretariat / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 June. (Q3219)Full Citation

40.

UNCCPCJ / UNODC.1991.‘Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.’ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Vienna:United Nations Economic and Social Council / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q3222)Full Citation

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GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation

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UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation

43.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

44.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

45.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Findings - Table 3: Reporting States by Rank and Score.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8752)Full Citation

46.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘What do the PoAIM Scores Represent? How Should the PoAIM Scores Be Interpreted?.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8753)Full Citation

47.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8754)Full Citation

48.

Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Introduction.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8755)Full Citation

49.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

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UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation

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IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

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UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation

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54.

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United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation

56.

Karp, Aaron.2009.‘Summary of Disarmament Outcomes in 45 DDR Programmes.’ Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,9 July. (Q2941)Full Citation

57.

Liberia.2014.‘Confiscation and Seizure.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12929)Full Citation

58.

Liberia.2012.‘Collection.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12932)Full Citation

59.

Liberia.2016.‘Manufacture Markings.’ Firearms and Ammunition Control Act.Monrovia:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,11 July. (Q13794)Full Citation

60.

Liberia.2010.‘Marking and Tracing.’ National Report of Liberia on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Liberia to the United Nations,1 January. (Q4614)Full Citation