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Kiribati — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Kiribati is

2017: 9001
2002: 82

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Kiribati is

2017: 0.801
2002: 0.012

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Kiribati ranked at No. 2023

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of privately owned guns in 206 countries, Kiribati ranked at No.1753

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Kiribati is reported to be

2017: 0.801
2002: 82

Government Guns

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Routine Arming of Police

In Kiribati, police officers on routine patrol do not carry a firearm4 5

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Kiribati are reported to have 2006 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 107
2015: 10
2012: 88 9
2011: 11
2010: 9
2009: 1
2008: 710
2000: 7

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.357
2015: 9.46
2012: 7.8411
2011: 10.92
2010: 9.05
2009: 1.02
2008: 7.23
2000: 8.22

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 87
2015: 8
2012: 612
2010: 7
2000: 5

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 15.347
2015: 15.50
2012: 12.2412
2010: 14.32
2000: 11.81

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 37
2015: 3
2012: 212
2010: 2
2000: 2

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.487
2015: 5.55
2012: 2.9112
2010: 3.95
2000: 4.67

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 167
2015: 16
2010: 15
2005: 2113
2000: 127

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 14.967
2015: 15.14
2010: 15.08
2000: 14.10

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 147
2015: 13
2010: 12
2000: 9

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 26.847
2015: 25.18
2010: 24.55
2000: 21.26

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 37
2015: 3
2010: 3
2000: 2

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.487
2015: 5.55
2010: 5.93
2000: 4.67

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Kiribati, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited14 15

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Kiribati, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law16 17 18

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Firearm Imports

In Kiribati, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law19 20 18

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Kiribati is reported by Customs to be US$3,83721 (2011)

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Kiribati, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law22

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Kiribati is categorised as restrictive23

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Law Regulates Civilian Access to Firearms

In Kiribati, civilian possession of guns is regulated by law9

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Kiribati includes the Penal Code of 197724 and the Arms and Ammunition Ordinance of 197725

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Kiribati are regulated by the Commissioner of Police26

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Kiribati, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law27 28

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Kiribati, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms and handguns29 30

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Kiribati, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited29 9 30

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Kiribati, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited30

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Regulation of Handguns

In Kiribati, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited29 9

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Kiribati, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law9

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Kiribati, only licensed gun owners31 32 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Kiribati are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example pest control33

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Kiribati must pass a background check which considers undefined9 records

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Kiribati, the law requires34 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Kiribati, licensed firearm dealers are required35 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Kiribati, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without a valid firearms licence36

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Kiribati, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful35 36

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Kiribati include37 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Kiribati, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law9

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Kiribati, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm38 is two to 10 years in prison and a $400 to $2,000 fine39 40 32 30

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Pacific Islands Forum

As a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, Kiribati adopted the March, 2000 Nadi Framework agreement, which aims to harmonise small arms-related legislation across Oceania. In August 2003, the Nadi Framework’s draft model Weapons Control Bill was unanimously accepted for consideration by all 16 member states of the Pacific Islands Forum41 42

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was not signed43 by Kiribati.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed, but not yet ratified44 by Kiribati

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed45 by Kiribati

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Kiribati committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects46

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Kiribati has yet to submit a national report47 48 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Kiribati, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated48

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Kiribati, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated49 48

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Kiribati submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent49 48

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated48 by Kiribati to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided50 to Kiribati by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Kiribati has not declared51 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Kiribati has been a Member State of the United Nations since 199952

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list53 Kiribati as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,54 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 107
2015: 10
2012: 88 9
2011: 11
2010: 9
2009: 1
2008: 710
2000: 7

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.357
2015: 9.46
2012: 7.8411
2011: 10.92
2010: 9.05
2009: 1.02
2008: 7.23
2000: 8.22

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 87
2015: 8
2012: 612
2010: 7
2000: 5

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 15.347
2015: 15.50
2012: 12.2412
2010: 14.32
2000: 11.81

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 37
2015: 3
2012: 212
2010: 2
2000: 2

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Kiribati, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.487
2015: 5.55
2012: 2.9112
2010: 3.95
2000: 4.67

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Kiribati, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

Disarmament

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Kiribati, it is state policy55 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Kiribati, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law56 57

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Kiribati ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Kiribati on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Civilian Firearm Ownership in Pacific Nations, 2002.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q316)Full Citation

3.

GunPolicy.org.2022.‘Calculated Ranking.’ Estimating global civilian-held firearm numbers..Geneva:GunPolicy.org,30 June. (Q15876)Full Citation

4.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Stockpiles and Trafficking in the Pacific: Police Inventories.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q145)Full Citation

5.

CNN. 2017. ‘The 19 Countries That Do Not Routinely Arm Their Police Officers.’ 19 July. (N915) Full Citation

6.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

7.

WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

8.

UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Kiribati.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10353)Full Citation

9.

Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Kiribati.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9614)Full Citation

10.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Kiribati.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6243)Full Citation

11.

UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ dataunodc.un.org (web site).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation

12.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

13.

WHO.2009.‘Western Pacific Region - Country profiles and health databanks.’ Country Health Information Profiles / CHIPS.Manila:World Health Organisation, Regional Office for the Western Pacific,19 August. (Q1889)Full Citation

14.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Pacific Small Arms Legislation: Controls on Manufacture and Domestic Trade.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q327)Full Citation

15.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 3: Prohibition on Manufacturing.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16251)Full Citation

16.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Import and Export Laws in Pacific States.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q320)Full Citation

17.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 18: Export Licenses.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16257)Full Citation

18.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 21: Import and Export Penalties.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16259)Full Citation

19.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Pacific Small Arms Legislation: Domestic and regional issues.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q328)Full Citation

20.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 16: Import Licenses.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16256)Full Citation

21.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

22.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

23.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

24.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 1: Short Title.’ Kiribati Penal Code 1977.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16247)Full Citation

25.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 1: Short Title.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16250)Full Citation

26.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 6: Licensing Authority.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16253)Full Citation

27.

Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

28.

Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

29.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Pacific Small Arms Legislation: Domestic and regional issues.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q1371)Full Citation

30.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 27: Prohibited Weapons.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16261)Full Citation

31.

Capie, David.2003.‘Legislation and enforcement: Good character.’ Under the Gun: The small arms challenge in the Pacific.Wellington:Victoria University Press,1 January. (Q319)Full Citation

32.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 4: Possession of Firearms.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16249)Full Citation

33.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Genuine Reason: A Snapshot of Pacific Definitions - Kiribati.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q1370)Full Citation

34.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Pacific Small Arms Legislation: Registration.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q322)Full Citation

35.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 10: Dealer's Licenses.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16254)Full Citation

36.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 15: Transfer License.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16255)Full Citation

37.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 13: Firearm Marking.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16260)Full Citation

38.

GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation

39.

Alpers, Philip and Conor Twyford.2003.‘Selected Penalties for Firearm Offences in the Pacific.’ Small Arms in the Pacific.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,31 March. (Q326)Full Citation

40.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 169: Public Offences.’ Kiribati Penal Code 1977.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16248)Full Citation

41.

SPCPC/OCO.2000.‘Towards a Common Approach to Weapons Control: The 'Nadi Framework'.’ South Pacific Chiefs of Police Conference (SPCPC) and Oceania Customs Organisation (OCO).Nadi, Fiji:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Secretariat,10 March. (Q576)Full Citation

42.

Baker, Jean.2000.‘Weapons Control Bill: Explanatory Notes.’ Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.Suva, Fiji:Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat,10 March. (Q577)Full Citation

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GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation

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UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation

45.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

46.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

47.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

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UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation

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IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

50.

New Zealand.2010.‘Implementation of the Programme of Action - DDR Programmes.’ National Report of New Zealand on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of New Zealand to the United Nations,1 February. (Q1881)Full Citation

51.

UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - Transparency in the Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation

52.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

53.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation

54.

United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation

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Kiribati.1977.‘Section 34: Disposal Policy.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16258)Full Citation

56.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q323)Full Citation

57.

Kiribati.1977.‘Section 7: Firearm Marking.’ Kiribati Arms and Ammunition Ordinance.Tarawa:Kiribati,1 January. (Q16252)Full Citation