Iceland — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers
Civilian GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Privately Owned FirearmsChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Iceland is 

2017: 106,0001
2007: 90,0002
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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 PopulationChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Iceland is 

2017: 31.701
2007: 30.32
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Number of Privately Owned RiflesIn Iceland, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 

2019: 26,0003
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Number of Privately Owned ShotgunsIn Iceland, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 

2019: 39,0003
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Number of Privately Owned HandgunsIn Iceland, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 

2019: 4,0003
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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World RankingIn a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Iceland ranked at No. 1414
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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World RankingIn a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Iceland ranked at No. 152
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Proportion of Households with FirearmsIn Iceland, the percentage of households with one or more guns is reported to be 

2005: 23.5%5
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Proportion of Households with HandgunsIn Iceland, the percentage of households with one or more handguns is reported to be 

2005: 1.4%5
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Number of Licensed Firearm OwnersThe number of licensed gun owners in Iceland is reported to be 

2019: 69,0003
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Number of Registered FirearmsThe number of registered guns in Iceland is reported to be 

2017: 73,0001
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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit FirearmsUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,6 but in Iceland there are estimated to be 

2017: 33,0001
Government GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Military FirearmsThe defence forces of Iceland are reported to have 6507 firearms
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Routine Arming of PoliceIn Iceland, police officers on routine patrol do not carry a firearm8
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Number of Law Enforcement FirearmsPolice in Iceland are reported to have 5909 firearms

ImpactsDeath and InjuryCompare
Total Number of Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual deaths resulting from firearms total 

610
1
3
4
1
8
6
7
7
5
411 12
413
614 13
8
5
413
5
3
6
814 13
313
3
7
714 13 
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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is 

1.7510
0.29
0.89
1.21
0.30
2.47
1.87
2.20
2.20
1.57
1.26
1.28
1.98
2.70
1.71
1.38
1.74
1.04
2.11
2.85
1.08
1.09
2.58
2.60
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Total Number of Male Gun DeathsChartIn Iceland, annual male deaths resulting from firearms total 

510
1
3
3
1
8
6
7
7
5
4
4
6
8
5
4
5
6
8
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Rate of Male Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male gun death per 100,000 population is 

2.9110
0.59
1.78
1.80
0.61
4.93
3.73
4.37
4.38
3.11
2.48
2.52
3.90
5.36
3.42
2.76
3.48
4.21
5.69
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Total Number of Female Gun DeathsChartIn Iceland, annual female deaths resulting from firearms total 

110
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Rate of Female Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of female gun death per 100,000 population is 

0.5810
0.60
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Homicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual homicides by any means total 

315
3
1
3
2
1
116 17
316 18
2
1
0
2
0
3
316 19
0
416 20
1
516 21
221
018
2
1
0 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.8915
0.90
0.30
0.91
0.61
0.31
0.31
0.93
0.62
0.31
0.32
0.64
0.0
1.0
1.016 19
0.0
1.416 20
0.4
1.816 21
0.7221
0.018
0.7
0.4
0.0
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual male homicides by any means total 

222
1
0
3
0
1
0
2
2
1
2
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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

1.1822
0.60
022
1.81
0
0.61
0
1.23
1.24
0.63
1.30
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual female homicides by any means total 

122
2
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.6022
1.20
0.60
0
1.22
0
0.62
0.62
0
0
0.64
0
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Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual firearm homicides total 

110
0
0
0
016
0
1
016 18
0
114 16 18
1
1
019
0
114
1 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3010
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Iceland, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

0%16
0%
0%
0%
0%
50%
0%
0%
0.0%18
0.0%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Iceland, annual male firearm homicides total 

010
0
0
0
0
115
110
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Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.6015
0.6310
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Iceland, annual female firearm homicides total 

110
010
0
0
0
0
0
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Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of female firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.6010
015
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Long Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.In Iceland, annual long gun homicides total 

114
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Rate of Long Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleIn Iceland, the annual rate of long gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3714
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Gun Homicides (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual gun homicides (other) total 

114
1
1
1 
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Rate of Gun Homicide (Other) per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of gun homicide (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.3214
0.33
0.34
0.36
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Suicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual suicides by any means total 

4510
35
37
43
41
52
55
44
33
51
40
42
42
39
37
39
31
42
57 
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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

12.9610
10.19
10.89
12.80
12.35
15.86
16.99
13.73
10.35
16.04
12.56
13.23
13.48
12.84
12.47
13.35
10.71
14.75
20.28
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Male Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual male suicides by any means total 

3710
30
35
39
30
41
41
33
28
41
33
31
35
29
28
30
25
34
49
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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

21.2710
17.43
20.56
23.17
18.04
24.95
25.27
20.53
17.49
25.64
20.50
19.20
22.05
18.85
18.77
20.51
17.26
23.85
34.84
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Female Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual female suicides by any means total 

810
5
2
410
1110
11
14
11
5
10
7
11
7
10
9
9
6
8
8
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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

4.6210
2.92
1.18
2.39
6.64
6.73
8.67
6.88
3.15
6.33
4.45
7.06
4.58
6.67
6.10
6.17
4.15
5.62
5.70
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Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual firearm suicides total 

610
1
3
3
1
8
6
7
6
5
413 12
413
5
7
4
4
5
3
6
7
3
3
7
6 
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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

1.7510
0.29
0.89
0.90
0.30
2.47
1.87
2.20
1.89
1.57
1.26
1.28
1.65
2.36
1.37
1.38
1.74
1.04
2.11
2.49
1.08
1.1
2.58
2.23
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Male Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Iceland, annual male firearm suicides total 

510
1
3
3
1
8
6
7
6
5
4
4
5
7
4
4
5
6
7
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Rate of Male Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

2.8710
0.58
1.76
1.78
0.60
4.87
3.70
4.36
3.75
3.13
2.48
2.48
3.15
4.55
2.68
2.73
3.45
4.21
4.98
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Female Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Iceland, annual female firearm suicides total 

110
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Rate of Female Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleIn Iceland, the annual rate of female firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.5810
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Handgun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.In Iceland, annual handgun suicides total 

113
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Rate of Handgun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleIn Iceland, the annual rate of handgun suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3713
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Long Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, the number of long gun suicides is 

413
3
1
6
3
1
5
1
3
4
2
2
3 
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Rate of Long Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of long gun suicide per 100,000 population is 

1.2513
0.94
0.32
1.97
1.01
0.34
1.73
0.35
1.05
1.42
0.72
0.74
1.12
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Gun Suicides (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual gun suicides (other) total 

113
4
1
1
3
2
3
3
1
3
4
3 
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Rate of Gun Suicide (Other) per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of gun suicide (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.3113
1.28
0.33
0.34
1.03
0.70
1.05
1.07
0.36
1.10
1.48
1.12
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Unintentional Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual unintentional shooting deaths total 

010
0
0
0
1
0 
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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is 

010
0
0
0
0.3110
0
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Unintentional Male Gun DeathsChartIn Iceland, annual unintentional male shooting deaths total 

010
0
0
0
1
0
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Rate of Unintentional Male Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleIn Iceland, the annual rate of unintentional male shooting death per 100,000 population is 

0.6210
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Unintentional Female Gun DeathsChartIn Iceland, annual unintentional female shooting deaths total 

010
0
0
0
0
0
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Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Iceland, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

010
0
0
0
0
0 
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Male Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Iceland, annual male shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

010
0
0
0
0
0
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Female Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Iceland, annual female shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

010
0
0
0
0
0
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Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.In Iceland, annual legal-intervention gun homicides total 

110
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Rate of Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleIn Iceland, the annual rate of legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3110
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Male Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesIn Iceland, annual male legal-intervention gun homicides total 

110
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Rate of Male Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleIn Iceland, the annual rate of male legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.6210

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Iceland, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence²³ ²⁴ ²⁵

TransfersGun Trade and TraffickingCompare
Firearm ExportsIn Iceland, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law26 27
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Small Arms Exports (US$) - CustomsThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Iceland is reported by Customs to be US$3,20728 (2011)
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Firearm ImportsIn Iceland, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law29 30 25
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Small Arms Imports (US$) - CustomsThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Iceland is reported by Customs to be US$1,987,80028 (2011)
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Regulation of Arms BrokersIn Iceland, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law31 32 33

MeasuresGun Regulation
Firearm LawGuiding gun control legislation in Iceland includes the the Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. of 199834 and the Weapons Act of 202135
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Right to Possess FirearmsIn Iceland, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law36 37
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Restricted Firearms and AmmunitionIn Iceland, civilians are not allowed to possess rifles up to 30 calibre and semi-automatic shotguns may only be obtained after a year of holding a firearms license, shotguns and pistols may only be acquired with special permission 38 39 and automatic, semi-automatic and hand-loaded pistols, shotguns and rifles may not be purchased or imported 25
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Law Regulates Automatic WeaponsIn Iceland, civilian possession of automatic weapons is regulated by law17
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Law Regulates HandgunsIn Iceland,  civilian possession of handguns is regulated by law17
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Law Regulates Long GunsIn Iceland,  civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law17
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Gun Ownership and PossessionIn Iceland, only licensed gun owners40 17 41 38 42 43 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition
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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm PossessionApplicants for a gun owner’s licence in Iceland may use hunting and sports activities as genuine reasons for firearms ownership44
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Minimum Age for Firearm PossessionThe minimum age for gun ownership in Iceland is 20 years41 45 44
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Gun Owner Background ChecksAn applicant for a firearm licence in Iceland must pass a background check which considers criminal and medical 17 41 42 46 records
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Firearm Safety TrainingIn Iceland, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required41 44 43 for a firearm licence
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Gun Owner Licensing PeriodIn Iceland, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every ten years47 43
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Licensing RecordsIn Iceland, authorities maintain a record40 48 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition
Firearm Registration
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Civilian Gun RegistrationIn Iceland, the law requires40 47 49 50 51 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register
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Gun Dealer Record KeepingIn Iceland, licensed firearm dealers are required52 53 54 55 56 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority
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Gun Manufacturer Record KeepingIn Iceland, licensed gun makers are required52 55 56 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority
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State-Owned Firearm RecordsIn Iceland, State agencies are required57 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control
Gun Sales and Transfers
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Regulation of Private Gun SalesIn Iceland, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without a valid firearms licence58
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Regulation of Dealer Gun SalesIn Iceland, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence prohibited without a valid firearms licence58 59
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Regulation of Gun ShowsIn Iceland, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated60 in law
Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition
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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - PrivateFirearm regulations in Iceland include61 62 48 63  written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners
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Firearm and Ammunition Transport RegulationsRegulations in Iceland include64 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit
Carrying Guns
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Law Regulates Firearms in PublicIn Iceland, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law17
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Carrying Guns Openly in PublicIn Iceland, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited64
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Carrying Hidden Handguns in PublicIn Iceland, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is prohibited64
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Penalty for Illicit Firearm PossessionIn Iceland, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm65 is 4 years66 67

MeasuresInternational ControlsCompare
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and DevelopmentThe Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200768 by Iceland.
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Arms Trade TreatyThe Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified69 by Iceland
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United Nations Firearms ProtocolThe United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed, but not yet ratified70 by Iceland
United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA
UNPoA CommitmentOn 21 July 2001, Iceland committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects71
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UNPoA Implementation Monitor ScoreIn its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Iceland against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 7372 73 74 75 among 159 Member States
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UNPoA National ReportingUnder the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Iceland has submitted one or more national reports76 77 on its implementation of the UNPoA
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UNPoA National Point of ContactIn Iceland, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated78 77
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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and SupportIn National Reports of Iceland submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent77
UNPoA International Assistance – DonorFunds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated77 by Iceland to other UN Member States
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United Nations Small Arms RegisterAccording to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Iceland has declared79 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.
United Nations MembershipIn the UN List of Member States, Iceland has been a Member State of the United Nations since 194680
Wassenaar ArrangementThe Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list81 Iceland as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal ProfileLink
About SDG 16The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part.

SDG 16,82 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2).

In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.
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Homicides (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual homicides by any means total 

315
3
1
3
2
1
116 17
316 18
2
1
0
2
0
3
316 19
0
416 20
1
516 21
221
018
2
1
0 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.8915
0.90
0.30
0.91
0.61
0.31
0.31
0.93
0.62
0.31
0.32
0.64
0.0
1.0
1.016 19
0.0
1.416 20
0.4
1.816 21
0.7221
0.018
0.7
0.4
0.0
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual male homicides by any means total 

222
1
0
3
0
1
0
2
2
1
2
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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

1.1822
0.60
022
1.81
0
0.61
0
1.23
1.24
0.63
1.30
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Iceland, annual female homicides by any means total 

122
2
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.6022
1.20
0.60
0
1.22
0
0.62
0.62
0
0
0.64
0
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Gun HomicidesChartIn Iceland, annual firearm homicides total 

110
0
0
0
016
0
1
016 18
0
114 16 18
1
1
019
0
114
1 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3010
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.36
0.37
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Iceland, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

0%16
0%
0%
0%
0%
50%
0%
0%
0.0%18
0.0%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Iceland, annual male firearm homicides total 

010
0
0
0
0
115
110
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Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of male firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.6015
0.6310
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Iceland, annual female firearm homicides total 

110
010
0
0
0
0
0
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Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Iceland, the annual rate of female firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.6010
015
Link
Conflict DeathsFor a profile of conflict in Iceland, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University
Disarmament
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Destruction and Disposal PolicyIn Iceland, it is state policy51 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market
Marking and Tracing
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Firearm MarkingIn Iceland, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law83 84
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Firearm TracingIn Iceland, state authorities carry out85 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures
Link
Global Peace IndexTo see where Iceland ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Iceland on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation
2.: Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation
3.: RÚV (Iceland). 2021. ‘Nearly 4,000 Legally-owned Handguns in Iceland.’ 24 February. (N807) Full Citation
4.: Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation
5.: van Dijk, Jan, John van Kesteren and Paul Smit.2007.‘Ownership of Firearms and Handguns in Countries and Main Cities (percentages): 1989-2005 ICVS and 2005 EU ICS.’ Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective: Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime / UNODC,1 January. (Q11804)Full Citation
6.: GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation
7.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation
8.: Andrew Clarke. 2013. ‘Why is Violent Crime So Rare in Iceland?.’ BBC News. 16 May. (N289) Full Citation
9.: Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation
10.: WHO.2016.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Causes of Death.’ WHO Mortality Data Base.Geneva:World Health Organisation,1 December. (Q13354)Full Citation
11.: WHO.2011.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death - Total Firearm Death.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,15 September. (Q5684)Full Citation
12.: Waiselfiz, Julio Jacobo.2015.‘Number and Rate of Gun Deaths in 90 Countries (Número e taxas de mortalidade por AF segundo causa básica em 90 países do mundo).’ Violence Map: Deaths by Firearms (Mapa da Violência: Mortes Matadas por Armas de Fogo).Brasilia:Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales / Latin American Social Sciences Institute,1 January. (Q11896)Full Citation
13.: WHO.2016.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death - Gun Suicide in Iceland.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,13 July. (Q6148)Full Citation
14.: WHO.2016.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death - Gun Homicide in Iceland.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,13 July. (Q6076)Full Citation
15.: UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation
16.: UNODC.2014.‘Homicides and Gun Homicides in Iceland.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q10316)Full Citation
17.: Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Iceland.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9499)Full Citation
18.: UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Iceland.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6272)Full Citation
19.: UNODC.2006.‘Reported Overall Homicide Numbers and Rates per 100,000 Population for 64 Countries, 2003-04.’ Ninth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2003 - 2004).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,10 December. (Q9)Full Citation
20.: UNODC.2005.‘Recorded Homicide and Firearm Homicide in 53 Countries, Completed or Attempted.’ Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001-2002).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,15 April. (Q1077)Full Citation
21.: UNODC.2004.‘Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed.’ Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (1998-2000).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 March. (Q91)Full Citation
22.: UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation
23.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 37-38.Production License (Leyfi til framleiðslu).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15198)Full Citation
24.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 4.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15211)Full Citation
25.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 5.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15213)Full Citation
26.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 47. Export of Firearms and Ammunition. (innflutningur Á Skammbyssum).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15201)Full Citation
27.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 6.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15215)Full Citation
28.: Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation
29.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 45. Imports of Pistols (Innflutningur á skammbyssum).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15194)Full Citation
30.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 43. Import License (Innflutningsleyfi).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15200)Full Citation
31.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 50. Conditions of the Permit. (innflutningur Á Skammbyssum).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15202)Full Citation
32.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 51. License Application (Leyfisumsókn.).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15203)Full Citation
33.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 7.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15214)Full Citation
34.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 1. Glossary (Orðskýringar).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15187)Full Citation
35.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 2.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15210)Full Citation
36.: Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation
37.: Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation
38.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 3. Firearms Allowed (Leyfð skotvopn).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15189)Full Citation
39.: Iceland.2010.‘Full Text.’ Regulation No 832/2016 amending the Regulation on firearms, ammunition, etc., no. 787/1998 (Reglugerð um breyting á reglugerð um skotvopn, skotfæri o.fl. nr. 787/1998 með síðari breytingum.).Reykjavik:Iceland,9 March. (Q15208)Full Citation
40.: Iceland.2008.‘Legislation, Regulations, Administrative Procedures - Licensing and Civilian Gun Registration.’ National Report of Iceland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations,7 April. (Q4792)Full Citation
41.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 2. General Conditions (Almenn skilyrði.).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15188)Full Citation
42.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 25. Application for a Firearms License (Umsókn um skotvopnaleyfi).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15192)Full Citation
43.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 12.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15220)Full Citation
44.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 13.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15219)Full Citation
45.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 12. Shooting for the Younger Classes (Skotfimi yngri flokka).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15190)Full Citation
46.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 26. Application Processing (Meðferð umsóknar).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15193)Full Citation
47.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 31. Registration in a Firearms License (Skráning í skotvopnaleyfi.).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15196)Full Citation
48.: Iceland.2016.‘Full Text.’ Regulation No 832/2016 amending the Regulation on firearms, ammunition, etc., no. 787/1998 (Reglugerð um breyting á reglugerð um skotvopn, skotfæri o.fl. nr. 787/1998 með síðari breytingum.).Reykjavik:Iceland,21 September. (Q15209)Full Citation
49.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 54. National Register of Firearms.(Skyldur leyfishafa).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15205)Full Citation
50.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 18.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15221)Full Citation
51.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 25.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15224)Full Citation
52.: Iceland.2008.‘Legislation, Regulations, Administrative Procedures - Shop Owners and Manufacturers.’ National Report of Iceland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations,7 April. (Q4791)Full Citation
53.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 41. Obligations of the Manufacturer (Leyfi til framleiðslu).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15199)Full Citation
54.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 52. Obligations of the Licensee (Skyldur leyfishafa).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15204)Full Citation
55.: Iceland.1998.‘Articles 55. List of importers, Exporters and Manufacturers.(Skrá yfir inn-, útflytjendur og framleiðendur).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15206)Full Citation
56.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 9.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15217)Full Citation
57.: Iceland.2008.‘Stockpile Management and Security.’ National Report of Iceland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations,7 April. (Q4793)Full Citation
58.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 30. Sale of Firearms. (Sala á skotvopni).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15195)Full Citation
59.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 10.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15216)Full Citation
60.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 11.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15218)Full Citation
61.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 13. Storage of Firearms and Ammunition (Varsla skotvopna og skotfæra).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15191)Full Citation
62.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 33.Treatment and Custody (Meðferð og vörslur).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15197)Full Citation
63.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 23.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15222)Full Citation
64.: Iceland.2021.‘Articles 20 and 21.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15223)Full Citation
65.: GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation
66.: Iceland.1998.‘Article 59. Penalties (Skrá yfir inn-, útflytjendur og framleiðendur).’ Regulation on Firearms, Ammunition, Etc. 787/1998.Reykjavik:Iceland,21 December. (Q15207)Full Citation
67.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 36.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15225)Full Citation
68.: GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation
69.: UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation
70.: UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation
71.: UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation
72.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Findings - Table 3: Reporting States by Rank and Score.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8752)Full Citation
73.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘What do the PoAIM Scores Represent? How Should the PoAIM Scores Be Interpreted?.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8753)Full Citation
74.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8754)Full Citation
75.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Introduction.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8755)Full Citation
76.: Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation
77.: UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation
78.: IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation
79.: UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation
80.: UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation
81.: Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation
82.: United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation
83.: Iceland.2008.‘Marking, Record Keeping and Tracing - Marking.’ National Report of Iceland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations,7 April. (Q4794)Full Citation
84.: Iceland.2021.‘Article 5a.’ Weapons Act (Vopnalög).Reykjavik:Iceland,15 October. (Q15212)Full Citation
85.: Iceland.2008.‘Marking, Record Keeping and Tracing - Tracing.’ National Report of Iceland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations,7 April. (Q4795)Full Citation

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