Finland — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers
Civilian GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Privately Owned FirearmsChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Finland is 

2017: 1,793,0001
2015: 1,542,3962
2012: 1,555,1003
2009: 1,738,0004 5 6
2005: 2,400,0007
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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 PopulationChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Finland is 

2017: 32.401
2012: 29.003
2009: 32.618 9 6
2005: 45.77
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Number of Privately Owned RiflesChartIn Finland, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 

2015: 424,1442
2010: 665,00010
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Number of Privately Owned ShotgunsChartIn Finland, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 

2015: 579,5002
2010: 600,00011
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Number of Privately Owned HandgunsChartIn Finland, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 

2015: 226,9682
2010: 250,00012 3
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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World RankingIn a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Finland ranked at No. 3313
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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World RankingIn a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Finland ranked at No. 47
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Proportion of Adults Living in a Home With a GunIn Finland, the percentage of adults living in a household with a firearm is reported to be 

2015: 13%14
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Proportion of Households with FirearmsChartIn Finland, the percentage of households with one or more guns is reported to be 

2005: 37.9%15
1999/2003: 23.7%
1995/98: 28.8%
1992: 25.2%16
1992/94: 25.4%15
1989: 25.5%
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Proportion of Households with RiflesIn Finland, the percentage of households with one or more rifles is reported to be 

1992: 14.6%16
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Proportion of Households with ShotgunsIn Finland, the percentage of households with one or more shotguns is reported to be 

1992: 18.4%16
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Proportion of Households with HandgunsChartIn Finland, the percentage of households with one or more handguns is reported to be 

2005: 6.3%15
1999/2003: 6.4%
1995/98: 6.0%
1992/94: 6.3%15 16
1989: 7.2%
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Number of Licensed Firearm OwnersThe number of licensed gun owners in Finland is reported to be 

2009: 672,77217 18
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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 PopulationThe rate of licensed firearm owners per 100 people in Finland is 

2009: 12.628
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Number of Registered FirearmsChartThe number of registered guns in Finland is reported to be 

2017: 1,542,3961
2010: 1,580,00019
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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 PopulationThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Finland is 

2010: 30.020
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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit FirearmsUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,21 but in Finland there are estimated to be 

2017: 250,6041
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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 PopulationUnregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,21 but in Finland the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 

2009: 2.968
Government GunsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.
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Number of Military FirearmsThe defence forces of Finland are reported to have 474,03022 firearms
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Number of Law Enforcement FirearmsPolice in Finland are reported to have 14,00023 firearms

ImpactsDeath and InjuryCompare
Total Number of Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual deaths resulting from firearms total 

13224
136
177
15725 26 27 28
18425 26 27
19529
207
238
19725 26 27 30
206
184
253
255
229
270
23525 26 31 30
31325 26 27 30
295
346
323 
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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is 

2.4124
2.49
3.26
2.90
3.42
3.64
3.88
4.49
3.73
3.92
3.51
4.85
4.90
4.41
5.21
4.55
6.07
5.73
6.74
6.31
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Total Number of Male Gun DeathsChartIn Finland, annual male deaths resulting from firearms total 

12924
128
165
143
172
187
190
213
182
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Rate of Male Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male gun death per 100,000 population is 

4.7924
4.77
6.18
5.39
6.51
7.12
7.27
8.19
7.04
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Total Number of Female Gun DeathsChartIn Finland, annual female deaths resulting from firearms total 

324
824
12
14
12
8
17
25
15
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Rate of Female Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female gun death per 100,000 population is 

0.1124
0.29
0.43
0.51
0.44
0.29
0.63
0.92
0.56
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Homicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual homicides by any means total 

7832
82
88
89
88
110
119
120
133
129
119
117
146
105
132
156
148
14333
113
13933 34
153
146 
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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

1.4232
1.50
1.61
1.64
1.63
2.04
2.22
2.25
2.51
2.44
2.3
2.2
2.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.9
2.833
2.2
2.7
3.0
2.9
3.2435
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Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual male homicides by any means total 

5436
66
61
65
48
73
91
86
89
81
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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

1.9936
2.45
2.27
2.43
1.80
2.76
3.46
3.28
3.41
3.12
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Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual female homicides by any means total 

2436
16
27
24
40
37
28
34
44
48
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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.8636
0.57
0.97
0.87
1.45
1.35
1.02
1.25
1.62
1.78
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Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual firearm homicides total 

932
12
1125
15
17
16
15
2225 37 33
30
23
17
11
3025 33
18
2025
30
32
33
2225 33
4025
34 
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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.2032
0.1824
0.20
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.26
0.41
0.57
0.44
0.32
0.21
0.5725 33
0.35
0.3825
0.58
0.62
0.64
0.4325 33
0.7825
0.66
0.8638
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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Finland, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

19%37
14%37 39
12%37
20%37
23%
19%
10%
25%
19.6%33
18%
19.5%
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Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Finland, annual male firearm homicides total 

232
10
9
9
8
10
12
12
12
10
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Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.1032
0.40
0.26
0.34
0.26
0.38
0.50
0.46
0.46
0.39
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Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Finland, annual female firearm homicides total 

732
224
2
6
9
6
3
10
18
13
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Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3032
0.0724
0.14
0.22
0.33
0.20
0.11
0.37
0.67
0.48
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Handgun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual handgun homicides total 

225
5
3
2
7
8
14
9
3
2
6
5
10
6
9
9
7
18
17 
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Rate of Handgun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of handgun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0425
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.13
0.15
0.26
0.17
0.06
0.04
0.11
0.10
0.19
0.12
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.35
0.33
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Long Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual long gun homicides total 

525
6
9
2
5
7
8
5
7
4
15
11
9
13
12
14
6
22
13 
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Rate of Long Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of long gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0925
0.11
0.17
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.15
0.09
0.13
0.08
0.29
0.21
0.17
0.25
0.23
0.27
0.12
0.43
0.25
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Gun Homicides (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual gun homicides (other) total 

425
4
4
14
2
7
8
9
7
5
9
2
1
11
11
10
9
4 
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Rate of Gun Homicide (Other) per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of gun homicide (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.0725
0.07
0.07
0.26
0.04
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.13
0.10
0.17
0.04
0.02
0.21
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.08
Compare
Suicides (any method)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual suicides by any means total 

72924
78324
887
872
908
951
1,032
1,032
993
1,22831 
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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

13.3124
14.36
16.33
16.13
16.88
17.76
19.36
19.45
18.81
23.5831
27.2640
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Male Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual male suicides by any means total 

55624
59524
666
654
708
716
760
800
749
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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

20.6424
22.19
24.96
24.64
26.81
27.26
29.08
30.77
28.97
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Female Suicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual female suicides by any means total 

17324
18824
221
218
200
235
272
232
244
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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

6.2224
6.78
8
7.93
7.30
8.62
10.01
8.58
9.06
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Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual firearm suicides total 

11924
12224
160
13926 28
16526
179
181
207
172
183
169
219
232
205
234
200
268
267
302
278 
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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

2.1724
2.24
2.95
2.57
3.07
3.34
3.40
3.90
3.26
3.48
3.22
4.19
4.45
3.94
4.51
3.86
5.19
5.18
5.88
5.43
5.7841
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Male Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Finland, annual male firearm suicides total 

11824
11824
154
134
161
174
174
200
170
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Rate of Male Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

4.3824
4.40
5.77
5.05
6.10
6.62
6.66
7.69
6.57
Compare
Female Gun Suicide VictimsChartIn Finland, annual female firearm suicides total 

124
424
6
5
4
5
7
7
2
Compare
Rate of Female Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female firearm suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0424
0.14
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.18
0.26
0.26
0.07
Compare
Handgun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual handgun suicides total 

326
1
51
55
58
62
57
67
54
54
73
64
63
79
61
76
86
98
104 
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Rate of Handgun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of handgun suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0526
0.02
0.94
1.02
1.08
1.16
1.07
1.27
1.03
1.03
1.40
1.23
1.21
1.52
1.18
1.47
1.67
1.91
2.03
Compare
Long Gun SuicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, the number of long gun suicides is 

4726
51
78
104
110
109
140
97
120
112
139
156
130
146
125
172
152
199
168 
Compare
Rate of Long Gun Suicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of long gun suicide per 100,000 population is 

0.8626
0.94
1.44
1.93
2.05
2.04
2.63
1.83
2.28
2.13
2.66
2.99
2.50
2.81
2.41
3.33
2.95
3.87
3.28
Compare
Gun Suicides (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual gun suicides (other) total 

626
3
10
6
11
10
10
8
9
3
7
12
12
9
14
20
29
5
6 
Compare
Rate of Gun Suicide (Other) per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of gun suicide (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.1126
0.06
0.18
0.11
0.21
0.19
0.19
0.15
0.17
0.06
0.13
0.23
0.23
0.17
0.27
0.39
0.56
0.10
0.12
Compare
Unintentional Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual unintentional shooting deaths total 

124
127
0
227 28
127
1
1
4
1
2
3
3
2
031
627
3
2
3 
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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is 

0.0224
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.0031
0.1227
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.1242
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Unintentional Male Gun DeathsChartIn Finland, annual unintentional male shooting deaths total 

124
124
0
2
1
1
1
Compare
Rate of Unintentional Male Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unintentional male shooting death per 100,000 population is 

0.0424
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.04
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Unintentional Female Gun DeathsChartIn Finland, annual unintentional female shooting deaths total 

024
0
0
0
0
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Unintentional Handgun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual unintentional shooting deaths by handgun total 

127
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 
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Rate of Unintentional Handgun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death by handgun per 100,000 population is 

0.0227
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Compare
Unintentional Long Gun DeathsBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual unintentional shooting deaths by long gun total 

127
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
5
2
1
2 
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Rate of Unintentional Long Gun Death per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death by long gun per 100,000 population is 

0.0227
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.10
0.04
0.02
0.04
Compare
Unintentional Gun Deaths (Other)Blue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.In Finland, annual unintentional shooting deaths by firearm (other) total 

127
Compare
Rate of Unintentional Gun Death (Other) per 100,000 PeopleIn Finland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death by firearm (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.0227
Compare
Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

124
130
2
0
0
1
3
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
4
3
6
3
2
8 
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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.0224
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.16
0.1043
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Male Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Finland, annual male shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

124
124
2
0
0
1
3
1
1
Compare
Rate of Male Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unknown-cause male shooting deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.0424
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.11
0.04
0.04
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Female Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseChartIn Finland, annual female shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total 

024
0
0
0
0
Compare
Handgun Deaths from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual deaths by handgun in which the cause remains undecided total 

130
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
1 
Compare
Rate of Handgun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unknown-cause handgun deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.0230
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.02
Compare
Long Gun Deaths from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual deaths by long gun in which the cause remains undecided total 

130
2
1
1
3
2
4
2
6 
Compare
Rate of Long Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unknown-cause long gun deaths per 100,000 population is 

0.0230
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.12
Compare
Gun Deaths (Other) from Undetermined CauseBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual deaths by firearm (other) in which the cause remains undecided total 

130
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 
Compare
Rate of Gun Death (Other) from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unknown-cause gun deaths (other) per 100,000 population is 

0.0230
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Compare
Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesBlue-superscript reference numbers which link to sources covering multiple years are only displayed beside the most recent year. 
                    Figures without a hyperlink can be found in the next reference above.ChartIn Finland, annual legal-intervention gun homicides total 

124
1
1 
Compare
Rate of Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0224
0.02
0.02
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Male Legal Intervention Gun HomicidesChartIn Finland, annual male legal-intervention gun homicides total 

124
1
1
Compare
Rate of Male Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male legal-intervention gun homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.0424
0.04
0.04

ProductionGun IndustryCompare
Regulation of Firearm MakersIn Finland, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence44 45 46
Compare
Small Arms Manufacture - World RankingIn a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Finland was ranked 'small'47
Compare
Home-made GunsIn Finland, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be low48 4950

TransfersGun Trade and TraffickingCompare
Firearm ExportsIn Finland, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61
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Firearm Exports (Number)ChartThe annual number of firearms exported from Finland is reported by manufacturers to be 

2018: 161,28962
2017: 1,413
2016: 1,448
2015: 1,050
2014: 1,28963
2013: 1,455
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Small Arms Exports (US$) - CustomsChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Finland is reported by Customs to be US$

2016: 9,000,00064
2015: 171,441,51165
2014: 185,765,370
2013: 186,203,354
2012: 141,144,84665 66
2011: 65,099,23567
2010: 1,300,00068
Compare
Small Arms Exports - World RankingIn a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Finland was categorized as 'major'69 70 71
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Firearm ImportsIn Finland, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law72 53 73 74 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
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Firearm Imports (Number)ChartThe annual number of firearms imported to Finland is reported to be 

2018: 21,13562
2017: 51
2013: 67063
Compare
Small Arms Imports (US$) - CustomsChartThe annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Finland is reported by Customs to be US$

2016: 24,000,00075
2015: 21,909,15465
2014: 26,043,128
2013: 24,366,701
2012: 22,896,51765 76 77
2011: 22,321,55267 78
2010: 21,000,00079
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Smuggling Guns and AmmunitionReports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Finland is low80 81
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Regulation of Arms BrokersIn Finland, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law82 83 84 85
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End User CertificatesCustoms regulations in Finland include86 87 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use
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Transparency of Small Arms TransfersChartIn its annual Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer, the Small Arms Survey compares public reporting among major arms exporting nations on a scale from strong to weak (25 to zero). In recent years, Finland scored 

2019: 14.7588
2018: 14.5089
2016: 14.7590
2014: 14.7591
2013: 14.2592
2012: 14.2593
2011: 14.0094
2010: 14.2595
2009: 15.0096
2008: 15.0097
2007: 14.7598
2006: 15.0099
2005: 15.50100
2004: 14.75101 

MeasuresGun RegulationCompare
Firearm Regulation - Guiding PolicyThe regulation of guns in Finland is categorised as restrictive102
Firearm LawGuiding gun control legislation in Finland includes the Firearms Act and Decree of 1998,103 46 the Act on the Export and Transit of Defence Materiel,104 the Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons,105 106 the European Union Firearms Regulation of 2012, the Common Position on the Control of Arms Brokering of 2003,107 and the Convention of 1 July 1969 on Reciprocal Recognition of Proofmarks on Small Arms108
Firearm Regulation AuthorityGuns in Finland are regulated by the Ministry of the Interior and the local Police,109 110 and the European Commission106
Compare
Right to Possess FirearmsIn Finland, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law111 112 113
Compare
Restricted Firearms and AmmunitionIn Finland, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms, disguised firearms, armour piercing and incendiary ammunition114 115
Compare
Regulation of Automatic WeaponsIn Finland, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited, with few exceptions116 114 115 117 39
Compare
Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault WeaponsIn Finland, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence in some cases116 117 118 119 120
Compare
Regulation of HandgunsIn Finland, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence in some cases116 114 121 118 119 120 39
Compare
Law Regulates Long GunsIn Finland,  civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law39
Compare
Gun Ownership and PossessionIn Finland, only licensed gun owners53 122 123 124 121 118 39 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition
Compare
Genuine Reason Required for Firearm PossessionApplicants for a gun owner’s licence in Finland are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example hunting, target shooting, gun collecting, employment requirements125 116 126 127 128 129
Compare
Minimum Age for Firearm PossessionThe minimum age for gun ownership in Finland is 18 years, or 15 years with parental consent126 129
Compare
Gun Owner Background ChecksAn applicant for a firearm licence in Finland must pass a background check which considers criminal background130 129 39 131 records
Compare
Reference Required for Firearm LicenceIn Finland, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required103 132
Compare
Domestic Violence and FirearmsWhere a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Finland does not stipulate113 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked
Compare
Firearm Safety TrainingIn Finland, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required (in the workplace)126 for a firearm licence
Compare
Gun Owner Licensing PeriodIn Finland gun owners are licensed for an indefinite period133 134
Compare
Licensing RecordsIn Finland, authorities maintain a record135 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition
Compare
Limit on Number of GunsLicensed firearm owners in Finland are permitted to possess  up to a maximum of 10 firearms113 136
Compare
Limit on Quantity, Type of AmmunitionLicensed firearm owners in Finland are permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition113 137
Firearm Registration
Compare
Civilian Gun RegistrationIn Finland, the law requires135 138 117 139 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register
Compare
Gun Dealer Record KeepingIn Finland, licensed firearm dealers are required140 117 139 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority
Compare
Gun Manufacturer Record KeepingIn Finland, licensed gun makers are required46 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority
Compare
State-Owned Firearm RecordsIn Finland, State agencies are required138 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control
Gun Sales and Transfers
Compare
Regulation of Private Gun SalesIn Finland, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without a permit141
Compare
Regulation of Dealer Gun SalesIn Finland, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful44 142 143 144 53 145 119
Compare
Regulation of Gun ShowsIn Finland, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated113 in law
Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition
Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - PrivateFirearm regulations in Finland include146 147 148 126 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners
Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - DealerFirearm regulations in Finland include149 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers
Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - GovernmentGovernment regulations in Finland include150 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities
Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Transport RegulationsRegulations in Finland include146 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit
Carrying Guns
Compare
Carrying Guns Openly in PublicIn Finland, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited, except for an authorised work assignment151 152 39
Compare
Carrying Hidden Handguns in PublicIn Finland, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is prohibited, except for an authorised work assignment151 152 39
Compare
Penalty for Illicit Firearm PossessionIn Finland, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm153 is two years in prison154 155

MeasuresInternational Controls
Regional Agreements
European UnionAs a member of the European Union, Finland is bound by the provisions of the ‘EU Firearms Directive’ – the 2007 Legislative Resolution on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons of the European Parliament156 157
European Union Export ReportingUnder the European Union Common Position on Arms Exports, Finland is bound to declare its transfers of military technology and equipment. Independent monitoring provides detailed comparisons of arms export reporting compliance across EU member states, and records that Finland has submitted one or more national reports158 on its arms transfers
Compare
Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and DevelopmentThe Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 2006159 by Finland.
Compare
Arms Trade TreatyThe Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified160 by Finland
Compare
United Nations Firearms ProtocolThe United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified161 by Finland
United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA
UNPoA CommitmentOn 21 July 2001, Finland committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects162
Compare
UNPoA Implementation Monitor ScoreIn its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Finland against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 9163 164 165 166 among 159 Member States
Compare
UNPoA National ReportingUnder the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Finland has submitted one or more national reports167 168 on its implementation of the UNPoA
Compare
UNPoA National Point of ContactIn Finland, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated169 168
Compare
UNPoA National Coordinating BodyIn Finland, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated170
Compare
UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and SupportIn National Reports of Finland submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent169 168
UNPoA International Assistance – DonorFunds for UNPoA implementation have been donated168 by Finland to other UN Member States
Compare
United Nations Small Arms RegisterAccording to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Finland has declared171 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.
United Nations MembershipIn the UN List of Member States, Finland has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1955172
Wassenaar ArrangementThe Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists173 Finland as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal ProfileLink
About SDG 16The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part.

SDG 16,174 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2).

In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.
Compare
Homicides (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual homicides by any means total 

7832
82
88
89
88
110
119
120
133
129
119
117
146
105
132
156
148
14333
113
13933 34
153
146 
Compare
Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

1.4232
1.50
1.61
1.64
1.63
2.04
2.22
2.25
2.51
2.44
2.3
2.2
2.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.9
2.833
2.2
2.7
3.0
2.9
3.2435
Compare
Male Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual male homicides by any means total 

5436
66
61
65
48
73
91
86
89
81
Compare
Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

1.9936
2.45
2.27
2.43
1.80
2.76
3.46
3.28
3.41
3.12
Compare
Female Homicide Victims (any method)ChartIn Finland, annual female homicides by any means total 

2436
16
27
24
40
37
28
34
44
48
Compare
Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is 

0.8636
0.57
0.97
0.87
1.45
1.35
1.02
1.25
1.62
1.78
Compare
Gun HomicidesChartIn Finland, annual firearm homicides total 

932
12
1125
15
17
16
15
2225 37 33
30
23
17
11
3025 33
18
2025
30
32
33
2225 33
4025
34 
Compare
Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.2032
0.1824
0.20
0.28
0.30
0.33
0.26
0.41
0.57
0.44
0.32
0.21
0.5725 33
0.35
0.3825
0.58
0.62
0.64
0.4325 33
0.7825
0.66
0.8638
Compare
Proportion of Homicides Committed With a GunChartIn Finland, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be 

19%37
14%37 39
12%37
20%37
23%
19%
10%
25%
19.6%33
18%
19.5%
Compare
Male Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Finland, annual male firearm homicides total 

232
10
9
9
8
10
12
12
12
10
Compare
Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of male firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.1032
0.40
0.26
0.34
0.26
0.38
0.50
0.46
0.46
0.39
Compare
Female Gun Homicide VictimsChartIn Finland, annual female firearm homicides total 

732
224
2
6
9
6
3
10
18
13
Compare
Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 PeopleChartIn Finland, the annual rate of female firearm homicide per 100,000 population is 

0.3032
0.0724
0.14
0.22
0.33
0.20
0.11
0.37
0.67
0.48
Link
Conflict DeathsFor a profile of conflict in Finland, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University
Compare
DisarmamentAuthorities in Finland are known to have175  implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation
Compare
Firearms Surrendered and SeizedChartIn Finland, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be 

21,702176
13,123136
3,675
3,149177
2,642
3,023
2,783
Compare
Small Arms DestroyedChartIn Finland, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 

21,658176 178
14,587
6,677179
6,338175
Compare
Destruction and Disposal PolicyIn Finland, it is state policy180 181 175 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market
Marking and Tracing
Compare
Firearm MarkingIn Finland, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law182 183 138 184 185 186
Compare
Firearm TracingIn Finland, state authorities carry out182 183 185 139 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures
Compare
Ballistic Record of Firearms and AmmunitionIn Finland, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are not113 recorded in a register
Link
Global Peace IndexTo see where Finland ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Finland on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

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67.: Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation
68.: Pavesi, Irene and Christelle Rigual.2013.‘Annexes 8.1: Major Exporters.’ Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday Dangers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,2 July. (Q8485)Full Citation
69.: Holtom, Paul and Christelle Rigual.2015.‘Exporters of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2012.’ Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 June. (Q11069)Full Citation
70.: Holtom, Paul, Irene Pavesi and Christelle Rigual.2014.‘Exporters of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2011.’ Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,16 June. (Q11037)Full Citation
71.: Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation
72.: Finland.1998.‘Commercial Import Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2008)Full Citation
73.: Finland.1998.‘Transfer and Import to Finland under Permits Granted for Possession.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2019)Full Citation
74.: Finland.1998.‘Transfer and Import to Finland and Possession Under a European Firearms Pass.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2020)Full Citation
75.: Picard, Michael, Paul Holtom and Fiona Mangan.2019.‘Annexe A2: Annual Authorized Small Arms and Light Weapons Imports by Major Importers.’ Trade Update 2019: Transfers, Transparency, and South-east Asia Spotlight.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,12 December. (Q14070)Full Citation
76.: Holtom, Paul and Christelle Rigual.2015.‘Importers of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2012.’ Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 June. (Q11070)Full Citation
77.: Rigual, Christelle.2015.‘Annexe 4.2: Major Importers.’ Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 June. (Q11078)Full Citation
78.: Holtom, Paul, Irene Pavesi and Christelle Rigual.2014.‘Importers of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2011.’ Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,16 June. (Q11041)Full Citation
79.: Pavesi, Irene and Christelle Rigual.2013.‘Annexes 8.2: Major Importers.’ Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday Dangers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,2 July. (Q8486)Full Citation
80.: Finland.2018.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13540)Full Citation
81.: Finland.2010.‘Firearm Amnesty Legislation.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2040)Full Citation
82.: Finland.1991.‘Section 2a.’ Act on the Export and Transit of Defence Materiel (242/1990; amendments up to 900/2002 included).Helsinki:Ministry of Defence,1 April. (Q2031)Full Citation
83.: Finland.2010.‘Arms Brokering Legislation (Defence Materiel).’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2046)Full Citation
84.: European Council.1991.‘Article 4b.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2408)Full Citation
85.: European Commission.2013.‘The Need for Action at EU Level - EU Firearms Laws.’ Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament.Brussels:Europa.eu,21 October. (Q8319)Full Citation
86.: Finland.1991.‘Section 4.’ Act on the Export and Transit of Defence Materiel (242/1990; amendments up to 900/2002 included).Helsinki:Ministry of Defence,1 April. (Q2032)Full Citation
87.: Finland.2010.‘Licensing Procedures and Documentation.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2045)Full Citation
88.: Picard, Michael, Paul Holtom and Fiona Mangan.2019.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2019.’ Trade Update 2019: Transfers, Transparency, and South-east Asia Spotlight.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,12 December. (Q14069)Full Citation
89.: Holtom, Paul and Irene Pavesi.2018.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.’ The 2018 Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 August. (Q13505)Full Citation
90.: Pavesi, Irene.2016.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2016.’ Trade Update 2016: Transfers and Transparency.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,6 June. (Q12070)Full Citation
91.: Holtom, Paul, Irene Pavesi, and Christelle Rigual.2014.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2014.’ Small Arms Survey 2014: Women and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,16 June. (Q10547)Full Citation
92.: Pavesi, Irene and Christelle Rigual.2013.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2013.’ Small Arms Survey 2013: Everyday Dangers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,2 July. (Q6871)Full Citation
93.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2012.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2012.’ Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,27 August. (Q6869)Full Citation
94.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2011.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2011.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,6 July. (Q10549)Full Citation
95.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2010.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2010.’ Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,14 June. (Q10550)Full Citation
96.: Lazarevic, Jasna.2009.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2009.’ Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.Cambridge:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,9 July. (Q10551)Full Citation
97.: Close, Helen and Chris Stevenson.2008.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2008.’ Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,14 July. (Q10552)Full Citation
98.: Glatz, Anne-Kathrin and Lora Lumpe.2007.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2007.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,27 August. (Q10553)Full Citation
99.: Khakee, Anna, Pablo Dreyfus and Anne-Kathrin Glatz.2006.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2006.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 July. (Q10554)Full Citation
100.: Khakee, Anna.2005.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2005.’ Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War.Oxford:Oxford University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,11 July. (Q10555)Full Citation
101.: Khakee, Anna.2004.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2004.’ Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk.Oxford:Oxford University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 July. (Q10556)Full Citation
102.: Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation
103.: Finland.1998.‘Scope of Application.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q1999)Full Citation
104.: Finland.1991.‘Section 1.’ Act on the Export and Transit of Defence Materiel (242/1990; amendments up to 900/2002 included).Helsinki:Ministry of Defence,1 April. (Q2029)Full Citation
105.: European Council.1991.‘European Weapons Directive.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2403)Full Citation
106.: European Council.1991.‘Article 18.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2418)Full Citation
107.: European Commission.2013.‘The Need for Action at EU Level - EU Firearms Laws.’ Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament.Brussels:Europa.eu,21 October. (Q8315)Full Citation
108.: UNGA.1969.‘Reciprocal Recognition of Proof Marks.’ Convention for the Reciprocal Recognition of Proof Marks on Small Arms of July 1, 1969.Brussels:United Nations General Assembly,1 July. (Q5999)Full Citation
109.: Finland.1998.‘Supervising Compliance with the Act.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2026)Full Citation
110.: Finland.2010.‘Competent Authorities.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2044)Full Citation
111.: Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation
112.: Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation
113.: Finland.1998.‘Scope of Application.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q4140)Full Citation
114.: Finland.1998.‘Specially Dangerous Firearm.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2000)Full Citation
115.: Finland.2010.‘Specially Dangerous Firearms, Cartridges and Shells.’ Finnish Police web site (www.poliisi.fi).Helsinki:Finnish Police,1 January. (Q2053)Full Citation
116.: Finland.1998.‘Requirements for a Firearm and Firearm Component to be Acquired.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2012)Full Citation
117.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5367)Full Citation
118.: European Council.1991.‘Article 7.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2411)Full Citation
119.: European Council.1991.‘Article 8.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2412)Full Citation
120.: European Council.1991.‘Annex 1.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2419)Full Citation
121.: European Council.1991.‘Article 6.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2410)Full Citation
122.: Finland.1998.‘Acquisition Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2010)Full Citation
123.: Finland.1998.‘Possession Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2015)Full Citation
124.: European Council.1991.‘Article 4a.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2407)Full Citation
125.: Finland.1998.‘Approved Purposes of Use.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2011)Full Citation
126.: Finland.1998.‘Requirements for an Acquisition Permit Application that is a Natural Person.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2013)Full Citation
127.: Finland.2010.‘Approved Purposes of Use - Firearms.’ Finnish Police web site (www.poliisi.fi).Helsinki:Finnish Police,1 January. (Q2052)Full Citation
128.: Finland.2010.‘Indicating Purpose of Use.’ Finnish Police web site (www.poliisi.fi).Helsinki:Finnish Police,1 January. (Q2054)Full Citation
129.: European Council.1991.‘Article 5.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2409)Full Citation
130.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5417)Full Citation
131.: Sputnik News. 2017. ‘Jumping the Gun? Finland Ends Firearm Psych Evals, Accepts Online Applications.’ 26 June. (N704) Full Citation
132.: United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation
133.: Finland.1998.‘Validity and Terms of a Possession Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2016)Full Citation
134.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5437)Full Citation
135.: Finland.1998.‘Duty of the Police to Keep Files.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2025)Full Citation
136.: Mika Rinne. 2017. ‘Number of Seized Weapons in Rampant Growth.’ Iltalehti News. 24 May. (N705) Full Citation
137.: European Council.1991.‘Article 10.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2413)Full Citation
138.: Finland.2016.‘Marking and Record Keeping.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,31 March. (Q12681)Full Citation
139.: European Council.1991.‘Article 4.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2406)Full Citation
140.: Finland.1998.‘Duty to Keep a File.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2003)Full Citation
141.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5392)Full Citation
142.: Finland.1998.‘Content and Validity of a Trade Permit for Dealing in Firearms.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2004)Full Citation
143.: Finland.1998.‘Firearm Licence.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2005)Full Citation
144.: Finland.1998.‘Validity and Terms of a Firearm Licence.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2006)Full Citation
145.: European Council.1991.‘Article 4.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2405)Full Citation
146.: Finland.1998.‘Storage, Carrying and Transport.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2024)Full Citation
147.: Finland.1998.‘Notification of Changes in Storage Facilities for the Firearms and Firearm Components of a Weapons Collector.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2018)Full Citation
148.: Finland.1998.‘Duty of Care.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2023)Full Citation
149.: Finland.1998.‘Supervision of Firearms dealers and Weapons Collectors.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2027)Full Citation
150.: Finland.2010.‘Management and Security of National Stockpiles, Destruction of Surplus.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2041)Full Citation
151.: Finland.1998.‘Carrying a Firearm on an Assignment.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2017)Full Citation
152.: Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5408)Full Citation
153.: GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation
154.: Finland.1998.‘Firearm Offence.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2022)Full Citation
155.: European Commission.2014.‘Sanctions.’ Study to Support an Impact Assessment on Options for Combatting Illicit Firearms Trafficking in the European Union.Luxembourg:Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services,1 July. (Q12307)Full Citation
156.: European Parliament.2007.‘Roll-call Vote: EU Firearms Directive.’ Legislative Resolution on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons.Brussels:VoteWatch.eu,29 November. (Q1346)Full Citation
157.: EU Parliament.2007.‘Draft Legislative Resolution on the EU Parliament Firearms Directive 2007.’ Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons.Brussels:European Parliament,12 July. (Q1970)Full Citation
158.: Saferworld.2010.‘EU Arms Transfer Reporting Database.’ Saferworld European Union Arms Transfer Reporting Database.London:Saferworld,9 December. (Q3364)Full Citation
159.: GDAV.2006.‘Geneva Declaration.’ Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat,7 June. (Q7162)Full Citation
160.: UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. (Q7226)Full Citation
161.: UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation
162.: UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation
163.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Findings - Table 3: Reporting States by Rank and Score.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8752)Full Citation
164.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘What do the PoAIM Scores Represent? How Should the PoAIM Scores Be Interpreted?.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8753)Full Citation
165.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8754)Full Citation
166.: Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Introduction.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. (Q8755)Full Citation
167.: Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation
168.: UNODA.2018.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) - Implementation Support System.New York, NY:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,23 July. (Q1309)Full Citation
169.: IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation
170.: Finland.2010.‘National Coordination Group of SALW Experts.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2039)Full Citation
171.: UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation
172.: UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York, NY:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation
173.: Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation
174.: United Nations.2017.‘Relevant Targets & Indicators.’ Sustainable Development Goal 16.New York NY:United Nations Statistics Division,6 July. (Q14093)Full Citation
175.: Finland.2010.‘Collection and Disposal.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2043)Full Citation
176.: Finland.2018.‘Collection.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13541)Full Citation
177.: Karp, Aaron, Nicholas Marsh and Giorgio Ravagli.2015.‘Number of Firearms Reported Seized by Police, 2010-2013.’ UNODC Study on Firearms 2015.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),3 July. (Q10542)Full Citation
178.: Finland.2018.‘Stockpile Management.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13542)Full Citation
179.: Finland.2012.‘Destruction.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q12682)Full Citation
180.: Finland.2016.‘Surplus.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,31 March. (Q12680)Full Citation
181.: Finland.2010.‘Management and Security of National Stockpiles, Destruction of Surplus.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2042)Full Citation
182.: Finland.2010.‘International Tracing Instrument / ITI.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2037)Full Citation
183.: Finland.2010.‘International Tracing Instrument / ITI.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (International Tracing Instrument) and the UNPoA.New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,1 January. (Q2038)Full Citation
184.: Finland.2016.‘Marking at Import.’ National Report of Finland on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations,31 March. (Q12678)Full Citation
185.: European Council.1991.‘Article 4.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2404)Full Citation
186.: European Commission.2014.‘Marking Requirement in National Illicit Firearms Trafficking Legislation.’ Study to Support an Impact Assessment on Options for Combatting Illicit Firearms Trafficking in the European Union.Luxembourg:Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services,1 July. (Q12315)Full Citation

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

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Proportion of Adults Living in a Home With a Gun

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Proportion of Households with Firearms

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Proportion of Households with Rifles

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Proportion of Households with Shotguns

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Proportion of Households with Handguns

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

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Number of Registered Firearms

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

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Number of Military Firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

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Total Number of Male Gun Deaths

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Rate of Male Gun Death per 100,000 People

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Total Number of Female Gun Deaths

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Rate of Female Gun Death per 100,000 People

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

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Male Gun Homicide Victims

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Rate of Male Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Female Gun Homicide Victims

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Rate of Female Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Rate of Handgun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Rate of Long Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Rate of Gun Homicide (Other) per 100,000 People

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

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Male Gun Suicide Victims

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Rate of Male Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

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Female Gun Suicide Victims

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Rate of Female Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

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Rate of Handgun Suicide per 100,000 People

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Rate of Long Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

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Rate of Gun Suicide (Other) per 100,000 People

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

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Unintentional Male Gun Deaths

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Rate of Unintentional Male Gun Death per 100,000 People

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Unintentional Female Gun Deaths

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Rate of Unintentional Handgun Death per 100,000 People

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Rate of Unintentional Long Gun Death per 100,000 People

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death (Other) per 100,000 People

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

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Male Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

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Rate of Male Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

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Female Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

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Rate of Handgun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

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Rate of Long Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

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Rate of Gun Death (Other) from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

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Rate of Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Male Legal Intervention Gun Homicides

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Rate of Male Legal Intervention Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

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Firearm Exports (Number)

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

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Firearm Imports (Number)

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

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Regulation of Handguns

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Law Regulates Long Guns

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession