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Chad — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Chad is

2017: 151,0001
2007: 109,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Chad is

2017: 11
2007: 1.12

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Chad ranked at No. 1363

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Chad ranked at No. 1492

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Chad are reported to have 25,0204 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Chad are reported to have 34,0005 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual homicides by any means total

2015: 1,2666
2012: 9077
2010: 1,151
2008: 1,6868

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Chad, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 8.836
2012: 7.37
2010: 9.60
2008: 15.88
2004: 19.009
2002: 11.60

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual male homicides by any means total

2015: 1,01310
2010: 82010

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Chad, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 14.4510

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual female homicides by any means total

2015: 25410
2010: 332

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Chad, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 3.6210

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 1,27811
2015: 1,244
2010: 1,038
2000: 668

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Chad, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 8.6211
2015: 8.67
2010: 8.66
2000: 8.23

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 74311
2015: 716
2010: 567
2000: 367

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Chad, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 10.1511
2015: 10.11
2010: 9.62
2000: 9.27

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 53511
2015: 527
2010: 471
2000: 301

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Chad, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 7.1311
2015: 7.25
2010: 7.73
2000: 7.24

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Chad, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only with government authorisation12 13

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Home-made Guns

In Chad, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be moderate14

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Firearm Exports

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Chad is reported by Customs to be US$22,85515 (2011)

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Firearm Imports

In Chad, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law16 17 18 13 19

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Chad is reported by Customs to be US$015 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Chad is moderate20 21 22 23 24

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Chad, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law25 26 19 27

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Chad do not include25 26 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Chad is categorised as permissive28

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Chad includes the Judicial Decree No. 26/PG INT of 28 October 1968 governing the import, transit, sale and possession of firearms and ammunition in the Republic of Chad and the Decree No. 226 of 1 August 1969 on the modalities for applying Judicial Decree No. 26/PG/INT of 28 October 1968 governing the import, transit, sale and possession firearms and ammunition in the Republic of Chad19

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Chad are regulated by the National Commission for Disarmament, the Security Committee for the city of N'Djamena, the Prefectural Committees for security in administrative departments,29 the sub-committee for security for the city of N'Djamena, the Parliament, the Home Office special delegations acting on behalf of the President of the Republic,17 30 the Police and the Gendarmerie31 32 19 33

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Chad, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law34 35 18 36

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Chad, civilians are not allowed to possess weapons of war30

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Chad, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited30

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Chad, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited30

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Regulation of Handguns

In Chad, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence30

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Chad, only licensed gun owners18 36 13 30 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Chad are not required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm25 26

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Chad is undefined25 26

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Chad must pass a background check which considers criminal37 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Chad, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required25 26

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Chad does not stipulate25 26 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Chad, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required25 26 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Chad, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every one year36

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Chad are permitted to possess no more than 2 hunting firearms, with the option for 1 additional rifle for those licensed to hunt big game. There is no limit for non-rifled firearms as part of a decorative collection38

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Chad are permitted to possess up to 75 cartridges for sophisticated rifled firearms, 150 smoothbore cartridges, 200 cartridges for non-rifled firearms for decorative use, 100 airgun pellets, and 25 bullets for handguns, pistols and revolvers39

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Chad, the law requires40 41 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Chad, licensed firearm dealers are required29 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Chad, licensed gun makers are required29 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Chad, State agencies are required40 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Chad, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited without authorisation from the Minister of the Interior30 42 13

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Chad, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful13 42 30

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Background Checks for Private Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm in a private sale in Chad is obliged37 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Background Checks for Dealer Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm from a licensed gun dealer in Chad is obliged37 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Chad, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined25 26

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Chad, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated42 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Chad include43 13 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Chad include43 13 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Chad do not include44 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Chad do not include25 26 27 19 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Chad, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit36 18 30

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Chad, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit36 18 30

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Chad, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm45 is six months to five years in prison and a fine of 150,000 to 1,000,000 francs13

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Chad adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200646 47 48

United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa

In November 2010, as a member of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC), Chad adopted the Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the ‘Kinshasa Convention. A legally binding multilateral treaty for which UNSAC is depository, the Kinshasa Convention has since been signed and ratified49 50 51 by Chad

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 201452 by Chad.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed and ratified53 by Chad

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed54 by Chad

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Chad committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects55

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Chad against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 15156 57 58 59 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Chad has submitted one or more national reports60 61 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Chad, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated62 61

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Chad, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated62

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Chad submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was not apparent61

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated61 by Chad to other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Chad has not declared63 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Chad has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196064

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list65 Chad as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

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About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,66 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual homicides by any means total

2015: 1,2666
2012: 9077
2010: 1,151
2008: 1,6868

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Chad, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 8.836
2012: 7.37
2010: 9.60
2008: 15.88
2004: 19.009
2002: 11.60

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual male homicides by any means total

2015: 1,01310
2010: 82010

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Chad, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 14.4510

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Chad, annual female homicides by any means total

2015: 25410
2010: 332

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Chad, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2015: 3.6210

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Chad, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Chad are known to have21 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Chad, it is not state policy67 68 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Chad, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is not required by law25 26

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Firearm Tracing

In Chad, state authorities do not carry out25 26 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Record of Firearms and Ammunition

In Chad, the ballistic characteristics of each civilian firearm and its ammunition are not25 26 recorded in a register

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Chad ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Chad on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

4.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

5.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

6.

UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation

7.

UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Chad.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q9956)Full Citation

8.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Chad.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6405)Full Citation

9.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

10.

UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

11.

WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

12.

Chad.1968.‘Article 4.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4115)Full Citation

13.

Chad.1968.‘Article 11.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4119)Full Citation

14.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Illicit/Craft Production - Chad.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13976)Full Citation

15.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

16.

Chad.1968.‘Article 1.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4112)Full Citation

17.

Chad.1968.‘Article 2.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4122)Full Citation

18.

Chad.1968.‘Article 5.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4116)Full Citation

19.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined - Chad.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4005)Full Citation

20.

Chad.2003.‘Brief historical overview of the rise of the proliferation and illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons in Chad.’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q4330)Full Citation

21.

Chad.2003.‘Status and factors facilitating movements of illicit small arms and light weapons in Chad.’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q4331)Full Citation

22.

AEFJN.2010.‘Countries that Send Arms to Embargoed Territories.’ Arms Exports and Transfers: From Sub-Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Africa Europe Faith and Justice Network,1 December. (Q5101)Full Citation

23.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott, and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Trafficking - Chad.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13975)Full Citation

24.

Mangan, Fiona and Matthias Nowak.2019.‘The Nature of Illicit Arms Trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel.’ The West Africa–Sahel Connection: Mapping Cross-Border Arms Trafficking.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 December. (Q14062)Full Citation

25.

Chad.1968.‘Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance of October 28, 1968.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4316)Full Citation

26.

Chad.1968.‘Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969 (Décret n°226 du 1er août 1969).’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4326)Full Citation

27.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Transactions and Activities Covered - Imports, Exports, Transit and Brokering.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5013)Full Citation

28.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

29.

Chad.1968.‘Article 3.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4123)Full Citation

30.

Chad.1968.‘Article 5.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4124)Full Citation

31.

Chad.2003.‘Framework of Actions (Cadres d'actions).’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q3843)Full Citation

32.

Chad.2003.‘Legal and Regulatory Framework (Cadre légal et réglementaire).’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q3844)Full Citation

33.

Chad.1968.‘Article 10.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4118)Full Citation

34.

Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

35.

Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

36.

Chad.1968.‘Article 6.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4117)Full Citation

37.

Chad.1968.‘Article 6.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4125)Full Citation

38.

Chad.1968.‘Article 7.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4126)Full Citation

39.

Chad.1968.‘Article 23.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4128)Full Citation

40.

Chad.1968.‘Article 12.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4127)Full Citation

41.

Abdulai, Napoleon.2002.‘Small Arms in Chad.’ IANSA News, Dec 2002.London:International Action Network on Small Arms / IANSA,1 December. (Q5118)Full Citation

42.

Chad.1968.‘Article 3.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4114)Full Citation

43.

Chad.1968.‘Article 2.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4113)Full Citation

44.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Analysis of National Arms Transfer Control Systems - Arms Categories Covered.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5012)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2015. ‘Penalty for Unlawful Firearm Possession.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 22 January. (G93) Full Citation

46.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York, NY:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

47.

African Union.2015.‘Member States.’ African Union: A United and Strong Africa.Addis Ababa:African Union,10 August. (Q10548)Full Citation

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Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Analysis of National Arms Transfer Control Systems - Outmoded and Incomplete Regulation.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5011)Full Citation

49.

UNODA / UNREC.2010.‘Kinshasa Convention: Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly.’ United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC).Kinshasa:United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC),22 November. (Q3320)Full Citation

50.

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