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Burundi — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Burundi is

2017: 238,0001
2009: 100,0002 3 4

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Burundi is

2017: 2.01
2007: 1.25 4

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Burundi ranked at No. 1166

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Burundi ranked at No. 1454

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Burundi is reported to be 4,1392 3

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners per 100 people in Burundi is 0.055

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Burundi there are estimated to be

2007: 100,0008 9 10 11

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Estimated Rate of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,7 but in Burundi the rate of such firearms per 100 people is estimated to be 1.25

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Burundi are reported to have 75,96012 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Burundi are reported to have 24,27813 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Total Number of Gun Deaths

In Burundi, annual deaths resulting from firearms total

2008: 1,00014

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

In Burundi, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2008: 10.945

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Burundi, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 63515
2015: 461
2014: 564
2013: 520
2012: 500
2011: 34916
2010: 347
2009: 376
2008: 341

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Burundi, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 5.7215
2015: 4.29
2014: 5.43
2013: 5.17
2012: 5.14
2011: 3.70
2010: 3.80
2009: 4.26
2008: 3.99
2006: 2.9017
2005: 1.20
2004: 35.40
2002: 18.00
1998: 9.68

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Burundi, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 51218
2015: 383
2014: 462
2013: 423
2010: 24418

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Burundi, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.8718
2015: 7.64
2014: 9.50
2013: 8.97

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Burundi, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 12318
2015: 78
2014: 102
2013: 97
2010: 103

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Burundi, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 2.2918
2015: 1.50
2014: 2.03
2013: 1.99

Gun Homicides

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Proportion of Homicides Committed With a Gun

In Burundi, the percentage of homicides committed with a firearm is reported to be

2013: 41%19

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

In Burundi, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2008: 1,00014

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

In Burundi, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2008: 10.945

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Non-fatal Gun Injuries

In Burundi, the annual number of non-fatal firearm injuries is

2008: 1,20014

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Rate of Non-fatal Gun Injury per 100,000 People

In Burundi, the annual rate of non-fatal firearm injury per 100,000 population is

2008: 13.135

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Burundi, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence, but is not conducted in practice20 21

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Home-made Guns

In Burundi, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be high22 23 24

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Burundi, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Burundi is reported by Customs to be US$033 (2011)

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Firearm Imports

In Burundi, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law25 34 26 27 28 35 36 29 30 31 32

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Burundi is reported by Customs to be US$262,81833 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Burundi is high22 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Burundi, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law44 29

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Burundi include27 45 29 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Burundi is categorised as restrictive46

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Burundi includes the Law No. 1/14 of 28 August 2009 Governing the System for Small Arms and Light Weapons47 29

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Burundi are regulated by the Ministry responsible for public security functions,29 48 25 49 the Ministry responsible for supervising arms imports to defence and security forces,29 34 the Police and the Armed Forces50 51

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Burundi, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law52 53 54 55

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Burundi, civilians are not allowed to possess firearms other than hunting and repeat action rifles48

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Burundi, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited48 19

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Burundi, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited48

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Regulation of Handguns

In Burundi, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited, with some exceptions for self-defence firearms48 56 19

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Burundi, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law48 19

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Burundi, only licensed gun owners54 48 57 55 58 19 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Burundi are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example for reasons of personal safety, practice of sports shooting and hunting.54 56 59 55

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Burundi is 25 years60

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Burundi must pass a background check which considers criminal, mental health, health and domestic violence60 55 19 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Burundi, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required61

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Burundi stipulates60 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Burundi, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required61 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Burundi, gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every three years59

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Burundi are permitted to possess only one gun62

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Burundi are permitted to possess only 40 rounds of ammunition62

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Burundi, the law requires51 63 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Burundi, licensed gun makers are required64 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Burundi, State agencies are required51 65 66 67 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Burundi, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited54 49

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Burundi, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful49 68 69

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Burundi, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined61

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Burundi, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated61 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Burundi do not include61 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Burundi do not include61 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Burundi include67 70 71 66 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Burundi do not include72 73 30 32 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Burundi, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit56 57 59 19

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Burundi, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit56 57 59 19

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Burundi, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm74 is 10 years in prison and a fine75

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Burundi adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200676 77

Regional Centre on Small Arms

In March 2000, as a member of the Regional Centre on Small Arms (RECSA), Burundi adopted the Nairobi Declaration on the Problem of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, then on 21 April 2004 adopted the Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States, a legally-binding multilateral protocol of which the RECSA is depository. The Nairobi Protocol has since been signed, and ratified78 79 by Burundi

United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa

In November 2010, as a member of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC), Burundi adopted the Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the ‘Kinshasa Convention. A legally binding multilateral treaty for which UNSAC is depository, the Kinshasa Convention has since been signed, but not yet ratified80 81 82 by Burundi

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was signed in 200783 by Burundi.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has been signed, but not yet ratified84 by Burundi

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified85 by Burundi

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Burundi committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects86

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Burundi against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 4087 88 89 90 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Burundi has submitted one or more national reports91 92 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Burundi, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated93 92

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Burundi, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated93 92

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Burundi submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent93 92

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated92 by Burundi to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided92 to Burundi by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Burundi has not declared94 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Burundi has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196295

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list96 Burundi as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,97 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Burundi, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Burundi are known to have98 71 99 100 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

ChartIn Burundi, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be

2009: 10,00011 101 102
2006: 5,729103 104
2004: 5,404105

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Burundi, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2017: 8,386106
2016: 13,547
2013: 93107
2009/12: 22,202108

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Small Arms Destroyed

ChartIn Burundi, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

2017: 977109
2016: 39
2009: 7,000101 102
2006: 1,660110
2005: 311

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Burundi, it is state policy67 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Burundi, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law35 111 64 112 63 113

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Firearm Tracing

In Burundi, state authorities carry out114 113 35 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Burundi ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Savannah de Tessières.2009.‘Arms in Circulation in Burundi - Possession Figures.’ Insecurity is Also a War: An Assessment of Armed Violence in Burundi.Geneva:Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development Secretariat / Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,,1 January. (Q5088)Full Citation

3.

Small Arms Survey.2007.‘Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and post-conflict Bujumbura.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5103)Full Citation

4.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

5.

GunPolicy.org.2016.‘Calculated Rates - Burundi.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,4 May. (Q5472)Full Citation

6.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

7.

GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

8.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘Distribution of Arms - Distribution among Civilians by Province.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5078)Full Citation

9.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘Distribution of Arms - Distribution among Civilians by Province.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5079)Full Citation

10.

Small Arms Survey.2007.‘Armed Violence in Burundi: Conflict and post-conflict Bujumbura.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5102)Full Citation

11.

Agence France Presse. 2009. ‘Burundi Disarmament Drive Nets Over 70,000 Weapons.’ 28 October. (N220) Full Citation

12.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

13.

Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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Gonzales, Gustavo K, Danae Pauli and Martina Bacigalupo.2010.‘Small Arms Control.’ Burundi Report: 2008 Towards 2010.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),1 August. (Q5352)Full Citation

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UNODC.2020.‘Intentional Homicide Victims.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q13355)Full Citation

16.

UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Burundi.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6424)Full Citation

17.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

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UNODC.2017.‘Intentional Homicide Victims by Sex.’ Crime and Drugs Data.Vienna:UNODC,19 May. (Q13356)Full Citation

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Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Burundi.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9713)Full Citation

20.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 35.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4096)Full Citation

21.

Burundi.2005.‘National Report 2005 - Exchange of Information (Échanges d'informations).’ National Report of Burundi on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Burundi to the United Nations,19 April. (Q3833)Full Citation

22.

Burundi.2003.‘Current Position on the Problem of Small Arms Trafficking in Burundi (Etat Actuel du problème de trafic des armes légères au Burundi).’ National Report of Burundi on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Burundi to the United Nations,25 June. (Q3834)Full Citation

23.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘Production of Arms and Munitions - Craft Production.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5080)Full Citation

24.

Rackley, Edward B.2005.‘Artisan Rifles or 'Mugobore'.’ The Impact of Small Arms and Armed Violence on Women.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité / GRIP and United Nations Development Programme / UNDP,1 March. (Q5460)Full Citation

25.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 19.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4086)Full Citation

26.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 21.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4088)Full Citation

27.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 22.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4089)Full Citation

28.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 24.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4090)Full Citation

29.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined - Burundi.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4003)Full Citation

30.

Burundi.2005.‘Export, Import and Transit Authorisation (Autorisation d'exportation, d'importation et de transit).’ National Report of Burundi on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Burundi to the United Nations,19 April. (Q3832)Full Citation

31.

Burundi.2016.‘Record Keeping [Import and Export].’ National Report of Burundi on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Burundi to the United Nations,29 March. (Q12610)Full Citation

32.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Analysis of National Arms Transfer Control Systems - Outmoded and Incomplete Regulation.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5011)Full Citation

33.

Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

34.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 20.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4087)Full Citation

35.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 38.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4097)Full Citation

36.

Burundi.2009.‘Article 48.’ Act No 1/14 of 28 August 2009 on Small Arms and Light Weapons (Loi No 1/14 du 28 Août 2009 portant Régime des Armes Légères et Petits Calibres).Bujumbura:Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Burundi,28 August. (Q4100)Full Citation

37.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘Borders with the DRC, Rwanda, and Tanzania.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5081)Full Citation

38.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘The DRC - South Kivu and Eastern Provinces.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5082)Full Citation

39.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘The DRC - Arms from the DRC in Burundi.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5083)Full Citation

40.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘Tanzania.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5084)Full Citation

41.

Pézard, Stéphanie and Nicolas Florquin.2007.‘Other Sources of Arms.’ Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva / Ligue Iteka,1 August. (Q5085)Full Citation

42.

Zeebroek, Xavier, Wolf‐Christian Paes and Georges Berghezan.2010.‘Synthesis of the Results of the Study (Synthèse des résultats de l'étude).’ Study on the Proliferation of Small Arms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Étude sur la prolifération des armes légères en République démocratique du Congo).Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP) / Bonn International Center for Conversion and UNDP,1 June. (Q5094)Full Citation

43.

Florquin, Nicolas, Sigrid Lipott, and Francis Wairagu.2019.‘Excerpts on Trafficking - Burundi.’ Weapons Compass: Mapping Illicit Small Arms Flows in Africa.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 January. (Q13969)Full Citation

44.

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