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Botswana — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

ChartThe estimated total number of guns (both licit and illicit) held by civilians in Botswana is

2017: 97,0001
2007: 87,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

ChartThe estimated rate of private gun ownership (both licit and illicit) per 100 people in Botswana is

2017: 4.101
2007: 4.92

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

In Botswana, the number of handguns in civilian possession is reported to be 4113

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Botswana ranked at No. 1424

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a 2007 comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Botswana ranked at No. 1022

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Number of Registered Firearms

ChartThe number of registered guns in Botswana is reported to be

2017: 32,9011
2003: 30,9845
2002: 32,9013 2
1997: 29,0956 7
1996: 28,8066
1995: 28,507

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

ChartThe rate of registered guns per 100 people in Botswana is

2003: 1.748
2002: 1.888
1997: 1.86
1996: 1.89
1995: 1.93

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Estimated Number of Unregistered and Illicit Firearms

Unregistered and unlawfully held guns cannot be counted,9 but in Botswana there are estimated to be

2017: 64,0991

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Botswana are reported to have 17,10010 firearms

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Routine Arming of Police

In Botswana, police officers on routine patrol do not carry a firearm11

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Botswana are reported to have 11,00012 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 25613
2015: 259
2012: 36814
2011: 22015
2010: 33113
2009: 28915
2008: 281
2007: 280
2000: 214
1997: 21716
1996: 207
1995: 242

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 11.7413
2015: 12.07
2012: 18.414
2010: 16.74
2009: 14.86
2008: 14.70
2007: 14.91
2006: 11.9017 18
2005: 13.40
2004: 17.8517
2003: 14.98
2002: 10.26
2001: 12.15
2000: 12.93
1997: 13.888 17
1996: 13.61
1995: 16.38

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 22013
2015: 224
2010: 289
2000: 193

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 20.9313
2015: 21.62
2010: 30.09
2000: 23.68

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 3613
2015: 35
2010: 41
2000: 21

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 3.1913
2015: 3.15
2010: 4.03
2000: 2.50

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Gun Homicides

In Botswana, annual firearm homicides total

2001: 5119

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

In Botswana, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2001: 2.988

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual suicides by any means total

2016: 20913
2015: 214
2010: 224
2000: 204

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 9.5813
2015: 9.97
2010: 11.33
2000: 12.33

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Male Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual male suicides by any means total

2016: 15813
2015: 162
2010: 171
2000: 168

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Rate of Male Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of male suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 15.0313
2015: 15.64
2010: 17.81
2000: 20.62

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Female Suicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual female suicides by any means total

2016: 5113
2015: 52
2010: 53
2000: 36

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Rate of Female Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of female suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 4.5213
2015: 4.68
2010: 5.21
2000: 4.29

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Gun Suicides

In Botswana, annual firearm suicides total

2001: 2919

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Botswana, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2001: 1.698

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Botswana, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence,20 but is not conducted in practice21

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Home-made Guns

In Botswana, the prevalence of illicit craft, or 'home-made' firearm manufacture is reported to be low22

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Firearm Exports

In Botswana, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law23 24 25 26 27

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Botswana is reported by Customs to be US$10,13728 (2011)

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Firearm Imports

In Botswana, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law23 24 29 30 25 26 31 27

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Botswana is reported by Customs to be US$1,349,49428 (2011)32

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Botswana is low33

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Botswana, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law34 35

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Botswana include36 27 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Botswana includes the Arms and Ammunition Act of 197937 38 5

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Botswana are regulated by the Commissioner of Police37

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Botswana, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law39 40

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Restricted Firearms and Ammunition

In Botswana, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic weapons41 and handguns42

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Regulation of Automatic Weapons

In Botswana, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited with only narrow exemptions41 15

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Regulation of Handguns

In Botswana, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited42 15

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Law Regulates Long Guns

In Botswana, civilian possession of rifles and shotguns is regulated by law15

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Gun Ownership and Possession

In Botswana, only licensed gun owners43 29 3 15 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Possession

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Botswana are required to establish a genuine reason to possess a firearm29

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Botswana is 18 years44 3

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Botswana must pass a background check which considers criminal and mental health3 29 15 records

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Firearm Safety Training

In Botswana, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required3 for a firearm licence

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Licensing Records

In Botswana, authorities maintain a record30 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Botswana are permitted to possess up to three firearms3

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

Licensed firearm owners in Botswana are permitted to possess only 100 rounds of ammunition3

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Botswana, the law requires30 45 37 3 46 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Botswana, licensed firearm dealers are required47 48 30 45 27 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Botswana, licensed gun makers are required47 30 45 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Botswana, State agencies are required49 45 50 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Botswana, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited48 51

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Botswana, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful48 51 29 27

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Number of Licensed Gun Dealers

The number of licensed firearm dealers in Botswana is reported to be

2002: 3927

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Botswana include52 53 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Botswana include52 53 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Botswana include50 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Carrying Guns

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Law Regulates Firearms in Public

In Botswana, carrying a gun in a public place is regulated by law15

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Botswana, the maximum penalty for unlawful possession of a firearm54 is 10 years in prison43 51 41 55 56 24 20

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Botswana adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200657 58

Southern African Development Community

As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Botswana signed the SADC Declaration Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials in March 2001. This laid the ground for the August, 2001 adoption of the legally binding SADC Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials59

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Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, a diplomatic initiative aimed at addressing the interrelations between armed violence and development, was not signed60 by Botswana.

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Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty has not been signed61 by Botswana

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed62 by Botswana

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Botswana committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects63

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UNPoA Implementation Monitor Score

In its UN small arms Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (PoAIM Phase 1), the Small Arms Survey scored Botswana against its commitments to the PoA, then ranked it at No. 3364 65 66 67 among 159 Member States

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Botswana has submitted one or more national reports68 35 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Botswana, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated69 35

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Botswana, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated69 35

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Botswana submitted to the UN from 2001 to 2010, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities was apparent35

UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated35 by Botswana to other UN Member States

UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided35 to Botswana by other UN Member States

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United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Botswana has not declared70 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Botswana has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196671

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list72 Botswana as a Participating State

BackgroundSustainable Development Goal Profile

Link
About SDG 16

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Adopted in 2015, they outline a vision of development in which peace and security are an integral part. SDG 16,73 which seeks to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,” includes targets and indicators focused on reducing violence (Target 16.1) and the proliferation of illicit arms (Target 16.4). The indicators – or measurement criteria – of these targets include the number of victims of intentional homicide (Indicator 16.1.1), the number of conflict-related deaths (Indicator 16.1.2), and the number of illicit firearms collected and traced (Indicator 16.4.2). In light of these targets and indicators, GunPolicy.org provides granular national data pertaining to homicides, gun homicides, conflict deaths, disarmament efforts, and marking and tracing.

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual homicides by any means total

2016: 25613
2015: 259
2012: 36814
2011: 22015
2010: 33113
2009: 28915
2008: 281
2007: 280
2000: 214
1997: 21716
1996: 207
1995: 242

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 11.7413
2015: 12.07
2012: 18.414
2010: 16.74
2009: 14.86
2008: 14.70
2007: 14.91
2006: 11.9017 18
2005: 13.40
2004: 17.8517
2003: 14.98
2002: 10.26
2001: 12.15
2000: 12.93
1997: 13.888 17
1996: 13.61
1995: 16.38

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Male Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual male homicides by any means total

2016: 22013
2015: 224
2010: 289
2000: 193

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Rate of Male Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of male homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 20.9313
2015: 21.62
2010: 30.09
2000: 23.68

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Female Homicide Victims (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, annual female homicides by any means total

2016: 3613
2015: 35
2010: 41
2000: 21

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Rate of Female Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Botswana, the annual rate of female homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2016: 3.1913
2015: 3.15
2010: 4.03
2000: 2.50

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Gun Homicides

In Botswana, annual firearm homicides total

2001: 5119

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

In Botswana, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2001: 2.988

Link
Conflict Deaths

For a profile of conflict in Botswana, select the Link icon to open an external web page from the UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia at Uppsala University

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Disarmament

Authorities in Botswana are known to have74 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Firearms Surrendered and Seized

ChartIn Botswana, the number of firearms voluntarily surrendered, bought back or seized by authorities is reported to be

2017: 5575
2016: 19
2013: 66176
2011: 19077
2004: 3,21374
1981: 1,608

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Small Arms Destroyed

ChartIn Botswana, the number of firearms destroyed following amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be

2011: 1,64678
2004: 7774

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Botswana, it is state policy74 51 79 80 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

Marking and Tracing

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Firearm Marking

In Botswana, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law31 81

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Firearm Tracing

In Botswana, state authorities carry out82 31 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Link
Global Peace Index

To see where Botswana ranks, select the Link icon to open an external web page at the Global Peace Index, and then click on Botswana on the map or in the "Select Country" menu on the right of the web page

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13434)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

Molomo, Mpho G., Bertha Osei-Hwedie, David Sebudubudu, Ian Taylor and Shelly Whitman.2004.‘Civilian Gun Ownership - Gun Owner Licensing.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8813)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

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Cross, Peter, Rick de Caris, Ettienne Hennop and Angus Urquhart.2003.‘General Information - Botswana.’ The Law of the Gun: An Audit of Firearms Control Legislation in the SADC Region.London:SaferAfrica and Saferworld,1 June. (Q8849)Full Citation

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McKenzie, Katharine.1999.‘Botswana: Proliferation of Firearms.’ Domestic Gun Control Policy in Ten SADC Countries.Johannesburg:Gun Free South Africa,1 September. (Q8834)Full Citation

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McKenzie, Katharine.1999.‘Number of Licensed Firearms.’ Domestic Gun Control Policy in Ten SADC Countries.Johannesburg:Gun Free South Africa,1 September. (Q8839)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2014.‘Calculated Rates - Botswana.’ Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,30 July. (Q4210)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org. 2019. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.
Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. (G14) Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Military Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Military-Owned Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13436)Full Citation

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Molomo, Mpho G., Bertha Osei-Hwedie, David Sebudubudu, Ian Taylor and Shelly Whitman.2004.‘National Firearm Stockpiles.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8817)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2018.‘Law Enforcement Firearms Holdings, 2017.’ Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,18 June. (Q13435)Full Citation

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WHO.2018.‘Violent Death Estimates by Country.’ Disease Burden and Mortality Estimates: Cause-Specific Mortality, 2000–2016.Geneva:World Health Organization,1 January. (Q14136)Full Citation

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UNODC.2014.‘Homicides in Botswana.’ Global Study on Homicide 2013: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),10 April. (Q9968)Full Citation

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Butchart, Alexander, Christopher Mikton and Etienne Krug.2014.‘Country Profile: Botswana.’ Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014.Geneva:World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),10 December. (Q9708)Full Citation

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McKenzie, Katharine.1999.‘Botswana: Homicides.’ Domestic Gun Control Policy in Ten SADC Countries.Johannesburg:Gun Free South Africa,1 September. (Q8833)Full Citation

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Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington, DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

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UNODC.2013.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Botswana.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,26 June. (Q6394)Full Citation

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Molomo, Mpho G., Bertha Osei-Hwedie, David Sebudubudu, Ian Taylor and Shelly Whitman.2004.‘Firearms-Related Crime.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8812)Full Citation

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Cross, Peter, Rick de Caris, Ettienne Hennop and Angus Urquhart.2003.‘Manufacture - Botswana.’ The Law of the Gun: An Audit of Firearms Control Legislation in the SADC Region.London:SaferAfrica and Saferworld,1 June. (Q8860)Full Citation

21.

Botswana.2016.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,16 March. (Q12584)Full Citation

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Benin.2018.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Benin on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Benin to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13644)Full Citation

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Botswana.2016.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,16 March. (Q12585)Full Citation

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Cross, Peter, Rick de Caris, Ettienne Hennop and Angus Urquhart.2003.‘Import and Export - Botswana.’ The Law of the Gun: An Audit of Firearms Control Legislation in the SADC Region.London:SaferAfrica and Saferworld,1 June. (Q8859)Full Citation

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Botswana.2016.‘Record Keeping [Import and Export].’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,16 March. (Q12587)Full Citation

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IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

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Molomo, Mpho G., Bertha Osei-Hwedie, David Sebudubudu, Ian Taylor and Shelly Whitman.2004.‘Firearms Dealers.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8811)Full Citation

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Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q16)Full Citation

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Cross, Peter, Rick de Caris, Ettienne Hennop and Angus Urquhart.2003.‘Licensing - Regulation made under the Arms and Ammunition Act (Art. 6-7) - Botswana.’ The Law of the Gun: An Audit of Firearms Control Legislation in the SADC Region.London:SaferAfrica and Saferworld,1 June. (Q8852)Full Citation

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Cross, Peter, Rick de Caris, Ettienne Hennop and Angus Urquhart.2003.‘Record Keeping - Botswana.’ The Law of the Gun: An Audit of Firearms Control Legislation in the SADC Region.London:SaferAfrica and Saferworld,1 June. (Q8858)Full Citation

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Botswana.2010.‘Marking and Tracing.’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York, NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,18 June. (Q4598)Full Citation

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Botswana.2018.‘International Transfers.’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,1 January. (Q13645)Full Citation

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Botswana.2016.‘Brokering.’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,16 March. (Q12588)Full Citation

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Botswana.2016.‘End-user Certificate.’ National Report of Botswana on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Botswana to the United Nations,16 March. (Q12586)Full Citation

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Molomo, Mpho G., Bertha Osei-Hwedie, David Sebudubudu, Ian Taylor and Shelly Whitman.2004.‘Civilian Gun Ownership - Law and Authority.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8815)Full Citation

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Molomo, Mpho G., Bertha Osei-Hwedie, David Sebudubudu, Ian Taylor and Shelly Whitman.2004.‘Other Legislation Relevant to Small Arms Control.’ Hide and Seek: Taking Account of Small Arms in Southern Africa.Pretoria:Institute for Security Studies,1 October. (Q8810)Full Citation

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Sherman, Amy and Tom Ginsburg.2014.‘Gun Rights in National Constitutions.’ Marco Rubio Says Second Amendment Is Unique in Speech to NRA.Miami, FL:Miami Herald (PolitiFact Florida),29 April. (Q8507)Full Citation

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Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg and James Melton. 2013. ‘U.S. Gun Rights Truly Are American Exceptionalism.’ Bloomberg (USA). 7 March. (N422) Full Citation

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Cross, Peter, Rick de Caris, Ettienne Hennop and Angus Urquhart.2003.‘Type of Weapon - Botswana.’ The Law of the Gun: An Audit of Firearms Control Legislation in the SADC Region.London:SaferAfrica and Saferworld,1 June. (Q8854)Full Citation

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