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Zimbabwe — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Zimbabwe is 400,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Zimbabwe is 3.442 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Zimbabwe ranked at No. 891

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 179 countries, Zimbabwe ranked at No. 1063

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Zimbabwe are reported to have 141,7404 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Zimbabwe are reported to have 30,5205 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual homicides by any means total

2004: 1,0926
2003: 1,028
2000: 9127
1999: 873
1998: 778

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2004: 20.728
2003: 7.99
2002: 11.30
2000: 7.247
1999: 7.04
1998: 6.38

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Number of Gun Homicides

ChartIn Zimbabwe, annual firearm homicides total

2000: 5987
1999: 596
1998: 562

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Zimbabwe, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2000: 4.757
1999: 4.81
1998: 4.61

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Number of Suicides (any method)

In Zimbabwe, annual suicides by any means total

1990: 7689

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Zimbabwe, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

1990: 7.562

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Number of Gun Suicides

In Zimbabwe, annual firearm suicides total

1995: 1210

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Zimbabwe, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

1995: 0.0910

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In Zimbabwe, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited without Government permission11 12 13 14 15

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In Zimbabwe, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 16 17

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Zimbabwe is reported to be US$84,07818 (2009)

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Zimbabwe is categorized as 'unknown'19

Import Control

In Zimbabwe, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 13 20

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Zimbabwe is reported to be US$98,87818 (2009)

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in Zimbabwe is reported to be US$15021

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Zimbabwe, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law22

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Zimbabwe include16 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Zimbabwe is categorised as restrictive23

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Zimbabwe is the Firearms Act, Chapter 10:0924

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Zimbabwe are regulated by the Minister of Home Affairs25

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Zimbabwe, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law26

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Zimbabwe, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms27

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Zimbabwe, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited27

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Zimbabwe, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence28

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Regulation of Handguns

In Zimbabwe, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence28

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Zimbabwe, only licensed gun owners26 29 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Zimbabwe are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm29 20

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Zimbabwe is 14 years30

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Zimbabwe must pass background checks which consider criminal, mental and addiction29 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Zimbabwe, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required28

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Zimbabwe does not stipulate28 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Zimbabwe, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required28 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Zimbabwe gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every 3 years29

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Licensing Records

In Zimbabwe, authorities maintain a record31 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Zimbabwe are permitted to possess 1 firearm per firearm certificate29

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Zimbabwe is permitted to possess the quantity of ammunition specified in the firearm certificate29

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Zimbabwe, the law requires31 13 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Zimbabwe, licensed firearm dealers are required32 13 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Zimbabwe, licensed gun makers are required13 33 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Zimbabwe, State agencies are required13 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Zimbabwe, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted34

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Zimbabwe, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful35 36

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Limit on Gun Dealer Sales

In Zimbabwe, the number and type of firearms which can be sold by a licensed gun dealer to a single gun owner is limited to 1 firearm per firearm certificate26 29

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Zimbabwe, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined28

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Zimbabwe, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated28 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Zimbabwe include37 38 39 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Zimbabwe include40 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Zimbabwe include41 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Zimbabwe include42 43 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Zimbabwe, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is not required by law13

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Firearm Tracing

In Zimbabwe, state authorities carry out44 45 46 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Zimbabwe, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 5 years in prison and/or a fine47

Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Zimbabwe, it is state policy13 48 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Zimbabwe adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200649

Southern African Development Community

As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Zimbabwe signed the SADC Declaration Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials in March 2001. This laid the ground for the August, 2001 adoption of the legally binding SADC Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials50

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Zimbabwe voted against51 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed52 by Zimbabwe

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Zimbabwe committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects53

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Zimbabwe has submitted one or more national reports54 55 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Zimbabwe, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated56 55

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Zimbabwe, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated56

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Zimbabwe submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent56 57

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated55 by Zimbabwe to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Zimbabwe has not declared1 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Zimbabwe has been a Member State of the United Nations since 198058

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list59 Zimbabwe as a Participating State
Last Updated on 18 March 2012

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

2.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Zimbabwe.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,1 April. (Q4328)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

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UNODC.2006.‘Reported Overall Homicide Numbers and Rates per 100,000 Population for 64 Countries, 2003-04.’ Ninth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2003 – 2004).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,10 December. (Q9)Full Citation

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UNODC.2004.‘Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed.’ Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (1998-2000).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,19 March. (Q91)Full Citation

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Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

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WHO.2010.‘Number of Suicides by Age Group and Gender, Zimbabwe, 1990.’ World Health Organization Mental Health Data.Geneva:World Health Organization,12 September. (Q2470)Full Citation

10.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

11.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Restrictions on Manufacturing of Firearms.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2437)Full Citation

12.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Restrictions on Manufacture of Ammunition.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2436)Full Citation

13.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Marking Practice.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3247)Full Citation

14.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3256)Full Citation

15.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures – Production.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3265)Full Citation

16.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Export Control.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3224)Full Citation

17.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures – Export.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3252)Full Citation

18.

Marsh, Nicholas.2011.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 June. (Q16)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation

20.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures – Import.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3253)Full Citation

21.

World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

22.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Brokering.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3260)Full Citation

23.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

24.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Arrangement of Sections, Preliminary, Short Title and Interpretation.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2432)Full Citation

25.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Regulations.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2449)Full Citation

26.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Penalty for Purchasing Firearms or Ammunition Without Firearm Certificate.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2433)Full Citation

27.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Special Provisions Relating to Certain Types of Weapons and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2442)Full Citation

28.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Arrangement of Sections, Preliminary, Short Title and Interpretation.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q4366)Full Citation

29.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Grant of Firearm Certificate.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2434)Full Citation

30.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Restrictions on Possession of Firearms and Ammunition by Young Persons.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2444)Full Citation

31.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Keeping of Central Register.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2448)Full Citation

32.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Register of Transactions for Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2441)Full Citation

33.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Record Keeping.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3248)Full Citation

34.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures – Retransfer.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3266)Full Citation

35.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Penalty for Dealing in Firearms Without Being Registered.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2438)Full Citation

36.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Registration of Firearms Dealers.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2439)Full Citation

37.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Safeguarding of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2445)Full Citation

38.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Information Regarding Firearms.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2446)Full Citation

39.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Power to Enter Premises and Obtain Information.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2447)Full Citation

40.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Registration of Places of Business of Firearms Dealers.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2440)Full Citation

41.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Stockpile Management and Security.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3258)Full Citation

42.

Zimbabwe.1957.‘Removal and Transportation of Firearms and Ammunition Within Zimbabwe.’ Firearms Act, Chapter 10:09.Harare:Republic of Zimbabwe,1 January. (Q2443)Full Citation

43.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Legislation, Regulation, Administration Procedures – Transit.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3254)Full Citation

44.

Zimbabwe.2008.‘Tracing Requests.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3250)Full Citation

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Zimbabwe.2008.‘Co-operation in Tracing.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3249)Full Citation

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Zimbabwe.2008.‘Responses to Tracing Requests.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3264)Full Citation

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Zimbabwe.2008.‘Law Enforcement/Criminalisation.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3257)Full Citation

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Zimbabwe.2008.‘Collections and Disposal.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3259)Full Citation

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53.

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Zimbabwe.2008.‘Cooperation with Civil Society and NGOs.’ National Report of Zimbabwe on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Zimbabwe to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3261)Full Citation

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Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation