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Sudan — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Sudan is 2,000,0001 2

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Sudan is 5.51 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Sudan ranked at No. 343

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Sudan ranked at No. 931

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Sudan is reported to be 6,7243 to 10,0002

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Sudan is 0.024

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Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in Sudan there are estimated to be 2.4 million5

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Sudan are reported to have 329,0006 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Sudan are reported to have 110,0007 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

In Sudan, annual homicides by any means total

2008: 10,0288

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Sudan, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 24.28
2007: 3.7
2004: 28.609
2002: 30.16

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Sudan, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted without a licence, but can only be conducted at arsenals specified by the Council of Ministers10 11

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Regulation of Firearm Exports

In Sudan, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 12 13 14

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Sudan is reported to be US$215 (2009)

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Regulation of Firearm Imports

In Sudan, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 12 13 14

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Sudan is reported to be US$1,255,00415 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Sudan is moderate16 17

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in Sudan is reported to be US$25018 19

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Sudan, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law13 20

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Sudan do not include12 13 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Sudan is categorised as restrictive21

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Sudan includes the Arms, Ammunition and Explosives Act, 1986 and the Arms, Ammunition and Explosives Regulations, 1993, incorporating Amendment No. 1 of 199722 23

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Sudan, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law24

Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Sudan, private possession of fully automatic weapons is permitted under a licence24 25

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Sudan, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under a licence24 25

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Regulation of Handguns

In Sudan, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence, except for collection24 25 26

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Sudan, only licensed gun owners (for certain arms)27 24 26 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Sudan are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, collection, security26

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Sudan is 30 years for a firearm and 25 years for an air weapon28

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Sudan must pass background checks which consider criminal and mental29 records

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Firearm Safety Training

In Sudan, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required30 24 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Sudan gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every year31

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Licensing Records

In Sudan, authorities maintain a record32 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Sudan are permitted to possess two firearms per authorisation24

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Sudan is permitted to possess a limited quantity of ammunition33 24

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Sudan, the law requires32 34 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Sudan, licensed firearm dealers are required35 36 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Sudan, licensed gun makers are not required32 37 38 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Sudan, State agencies are required34 39 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Sudan, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted with the approval of the licensing authority in specific circumstances40

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Sudan, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful41 42

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Sudan do not include24 43 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Sudan do not include44 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Sudan, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law32 45 46 47 48

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Sudan, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit27 49

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Sudan, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is seven years prison and a fine50 51

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Sudan are known to have52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

In Sudan, the number of firearms and/or rounds of ammunition voluntarily surrendered for destruction in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be 9,44160 (2003)

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Sudan, it is not state policy61 62 50 60 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

League of Arab States

As a member of the League of Arab States, Sudan adopted the Arab Model Law on Weapons, Ammunitions, Explosives and Hazardous Material in January 200263

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Sudan adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200664

Regional Centre on Small Arms

In March 2000, as a member of the Regional Centre on Small Arms (RECSA), Sudan adopted the Nairobi Declaration on the Problem of Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa, then on 21 April 2004 adopted the Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States, a legally-binding multilateral protocol of which the RECSA is depository. The Nairobi Protocol has since been signed, and ratified65 66 by Sudan

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

At the resumption of the most recent session of the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (UNCCPCJ), a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, Sudan was listed as an elected member for a three-year term of office67

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Sudan abstained from endorsing68 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed69 by Sudan

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Sudan committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects70

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Sudan has submitted one or more national reports71 72 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Sudan, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated73 72

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Sudan, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated73

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Sudan submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent73 72

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated72 by Sudan to other UN Member States

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UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided72 to Sudan by other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Sudan has not declared3 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Sudan has been a Member State of the United Nations since 195674

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list75 Sudan as a Participating State

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

2.

Lebrun, Emile.2009.‘Estimating Holdings.’ Supply and Demand: Arms Flows and Holdings in Sudan.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q5207)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

4.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Sudan.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4283)Full Citation

5.

Lucas Barasa. 2011. ‘After Years of War, State Grapples with Delicate Task of Demobilising Soldiers.’ Daily Nation (Nairobi). 2 July. (N246) Full Citation

6.

Lebrun, Emile.2009.‘Estimated Firearms Inventories in Sudan, December 2009.’ Supply and Demand: Arms Flows and Holdings in Sudan.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q5199)Full Citation

7.

Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 2 - Examples of Police Firearms Per Officer in Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q6545)Full Citation

8.

UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Sudan.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6396)Full Citation

9.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

10.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Manufacture: Licensing.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5188)Full Citation

11.

AEFJN.2010.‘Other African Countries with Weapons Manufacturing Capacity.’ Arms Exports and Transfers: From Sub-Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Africa Europe Faith and Justice Network (AEFJN),1 December. (Q5107)Full Citation

12.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Import, Export and Transit.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5187)Full Citation

13.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Import, Export and Transit and Brokering.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5159)Full Citation

14.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

15.

Marsh, Nicholas.2013.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,14 February. (Q16)Full Citation

16.

AEFJN.2010.‘Countries that Send Arms to Embargoed Territories.’ Arms Exports and Transfers: From Sub-Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Africa Europe Faith and Justice Network,1 December. (Q5101)Full Citation

17.

Sudan.2003.‘Smuggling.’ National Report of Sudan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Sudan to the United Nations,8 July. (Q5294)Full Citation

18.

Bevan, James.2008.‘The Sudan Link.’ Crisis in Karamoja: Armed Violence and the Failure of Disarmament in Uganda's Most Deprived Region.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 June. (Q5290)Full Citation

19.

World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

20.

Sudan.2003.‘Brokering.’ National Report of Sudan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Sudan to the United Nations,8 July. (Q5292)Full Citation

21.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

22.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Overview of Existing Legislation and Conformity to Regional and International Agreements.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5156)Full Citation

23.

Sudan.2008.‘Legislation, Regulations and Administrative Measures.’ National Report of Sudan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Sudan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q5289)Full Citation

24.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Controls on Civilian Possession and Use.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5157)Full Citation

25.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Type of Weapon.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5170)Full Citation

26.

United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

27.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Controls on Civilian Possession and Use – Licensing.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5164)Full Citation

28.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Age Restrictions.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5167)Full Citation

29.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Personal Suitability to Possess Arms – General Conditions.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5166)Full Citation

30.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Competency Test.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5168)Full Citation

31.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Duration of Licence and Renewal Procedure.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5171)Full Citation

32.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Record Keeping and Marking.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5158)Full Citation

33.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Quantity of Ammunition.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5169)Full Citation

34.

Sudan.2003.‘Registration.’ National Report of Sudan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Sudan to the United Nations,8 July. (Q5293)Full Citation

35.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Trade.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5161)Full Citation

36.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Trade – Record Keeping.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5193)Full Citation

37.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Manufacture.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5160)Full Citation

38.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Manufacture: Record Keeping.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5190)Full Citation

39.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘State-Owned Small Arms: Record Keeping.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5195)Full Citation

40.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Restrictions on/ Conditions of Relinquishing and Regaining Possession of Small Arms: Transfer and Exchange of Firearms.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5173)Full Citation

41.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Trade: Licensing.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5192)Full Citation

42.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Manufacture: Restrictions on Sale/Transfer.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5191)Full Citation

43.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Storage and Safekeeping Conditions.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5172)Full Citation

44.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘State-Owned Small Arms: Storage.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5196)Full Citation

45.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Record Keeping and Marking.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5183)Full Citation

46.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Record Keeping.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5186)Full Citation

47.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Manufacture: Marking.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5189)Full Citation

48.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q323)Full Citation

49.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Other Restrictions on Possession and Use of small arms including: Carry Licence while in Possession.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5184)Full Citation

50.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Arms Embargoes, State-Owned Small Arms and Penalties.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5163)Full Citation

51.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Controls on Civilian Possession and Use: Offences/Penalties.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5185)Full Citation

52.

North Sudan DDR Commission.2011.‘Programmes and Activities – Darfur.’ Factsheet on SALW: North Sudan DDR Commission (NSDDRC) Small Arms Programme Overview.Khartoum:International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) / North Sudan DDR Commission (NSDDRC),9 June. (Q5200)Full Citation

53.

North Sudan DDR Commission.2011.‘Programmes and Activities – CPA Areas, National Level and Eastern Sudan.’ Factsheet on SALW: North Sudan DDR Commission (NSDDRC) Small Arms Programme Overview.Khartoum:International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) / North Sudan DDR Commission (NSDDRC),9 June. (Q5201)Full Citation

54.

Garfield, Richard.2007.‘Civilian Disarmament in Jonglei.’ Violence and Victimization after Civilian Disarmament: The Case of Jonglei.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q5202)Full Citation

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O'Brien, Adam.2009.‘Executive Summary.’ Shots in the Dark: The 2008 South Sudan Civilian Disarmament Campaign.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 January. (Q5203)Full Citation

56.

O'Brien, Adam.2009.‘Executive Summary.’ Shots in the Dark: The 2008 South Sudan Civilian Disarmament Campaign.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 January. (Q5204)Full Citation

57.

O'Brien, Adam.2009.‘Preliminary Outcomes of Civilian Disarmament in Other States – Eastern Equatoria and Central Equatoria.’ Shots in the Dark: The 2008 South Sudan Civilian Disarmament Campaign.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 January. (Q5205)Full Citation

58.

O'Brien, Adam.2009.‘Preliminary Outcomes of Civilian Disarmament in Other States – Upper Nile, Western Bahr el-Ghazal, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal and Warrap.’ Shots in the Dark: The 2008 South Sudan Civilian Disarmament Campaign.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 January. (Q5206)Full Citation

59.

Nichols, Ryan.2011.‘Disarmament: Where Have the Weapons Gone?.’ DDR in Sudan: Too Little, Too Late?.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 February. (Q5208)Full Citation

60.

Sudan.2003.‘Collection and Disposal.’ National Report of Sudan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Sudan to the United Nations,8 July. (Q5291)Full Citation

61.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Disposal of Confiscated Arms.’ Strengthening Small Arms controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5194)Full Citation

62.

Flew, Catherine and Angus Urquhart.2004.‘Seizure, Disposal and Enforcement.’ Strengthening Small Arms Controls: An Audit of Small Arms Control Legislation in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa – Sudan.London:Saferworld / SaferAfrica,1 February. (Q5162)Full Citation

63.

League of Arab States / UNODA.2002.‘Arab Model Law on Weapons, Ammunitions, Explosives and Hazardous Material.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:Council of the League of Arab States / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,1 January. (Q3215)Full Citation

64.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

65.

RECSA / UNODA.2004.‘Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:Regional Centre on Small Arms / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 April. (Q3218)Full Citation

66.

RECSA.2010.‘Ratified and Deposited Instruments of the Nairobi Protocol.’ Regional Centre on Small Arms and Light Weapons Website – Ratifications.Nairobi:Regional Centre on Small Arms,19 November. (Q3263)Full Citation

67.

UNCCPCJ / UNODC.1991.‘Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.’ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Vienna:United Nations Economic and Social Council / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q3222)Full Citation

68.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

69.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

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UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

71.

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