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South Africa — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in South Africa is 5,950,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in South Africa is 12.72 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, South Africa ranked at No. 171

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 179 countries, South Africa ranked at No. 502

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in South Africa is reported to be 1,800,0003

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in South Africa is 4.044 per 100 people

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in South Africa is reported to be 3,737,6761

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in South Africa is 7.874

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In South Africa, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 102,4543

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In South Africa, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 361,9053

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

There are reportedly 1,956,8833 handguns in civilian possession in South Africa

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Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in South Africa there are estimated to be 500,000 to 4,000,0005

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Estimated Rate of Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in South Africa there are estimated to be 8.424 illicit firearms per 100 people

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of South Africa are reported to have 350,6366 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in South Africa are reported to have 141,4317 to 262,0628 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn South Africa, annual homicides by any means total

2009: 16,8349
2008: 18,148
2007: 18,487
2006: 19,202
2005: 18,528
2004: 18,793
2003: 19,824
2002: 21,553
2001: 21,405
2000: 21,758
1999: 22,604
1998: 25,127
1997: 24,486
1996: 25,470
1995: 26,877
1994: 26,83210

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2009: 33.89
2008: 36.89 11
2007: 37.9
2006: 39.7
2005: 38.8
2004: 39.8
2003: 42.5
2002: 46.89
2001: 47.2
2000: 48.6
1999: 51.2
1998: 57.7
1997: 57.1
1996: 60.4
1995: 64.9

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Number of Gun Homicides

ChartIn South Africa, annual firearm homicides total

2007: 8,3199
2006: 9,063
2005: 8,597
2004: 9,021
2003: 9,714
2002: 10,130
2001: 10,274
2000: 10,727
1999: 11,212
1998: 12,413
1997: 11,166
1996: 11,258
1995: 11,154
1994: 11,13410

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn South Africa, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2007: 17.09
2006: 18.8
2005: 18.0
2004: 19.1
2003: 20.8
2002: 22.0
2001: 22.6
2000: 24.0
1999: 25.4
1998: 28.5
1997: 26.0
1996: 26.7
1995: 26.9
1994: 28.8010

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Number of Suicides (any method)

In South Africa, annual suicides by any means total

1999: 5,04712

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In South Africa, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

1999: 11.2112

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Number of Gun Suicides

In South Africa, annual firearm suicides total

1999: 1,71612

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In South Africa, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

1999: 3.8112

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Number of Unintentional Gun Deaths

In South Africa, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

1999: 15612

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

In South Africa, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

1999: 0.3512

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

In South Africa, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

1999: 15612

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

In South Africa, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

1999: 0.3512

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In South Africa, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence13 14

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, South Africa is ranked 'medium'15

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In South Africa, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 16 17 18

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from South Africa is reported to be US$30,062,08619 (2009)

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, South Africa is categorized as 'mid-level'20

Import Control

In South Africa, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 16 17 18

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to South Africa is reported to be US$11,212,96719 (2009)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in South Africa is high3

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in South Africa is reported to be US$18021

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In South Africa, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law22 23

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in South Africa include17 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

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Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

In the most recent survey of state transparency when declaring firearm and ammunition exports, South Africa was ranked number 47 among 49 major small arms exporting nations in 2011, with a score of 2.00 points of a possible total of 2524

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in South Africa is categorised as restrictive25

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in South Africa is the Firearms Control Act 200026, and the Firearms Control regulations 200427

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in South Africa are regulated by the National Commissioner Registrar of Firearms28

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Right to Possess Firearms

In South Africa, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law29

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In South Africa, civilians are not allowed to possess semi-automatic firearms without special endorsement, automatic firearms and specifically modified firearms30

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In South Africa, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited30

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Regulation of Handguns

In South Africa, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence31

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Gun Owner Licensing

In South Africa, only licensed gun owners (with competency certificate)29 32 33 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in South Africa are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, security31 34 35 36 37 38

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in South Africa is 21 years, with some exceptions that may include the fact that the applicant conducts a business, is gainfully employed, a dedicated hunter, a dedicated sports person or a private collector39 37

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in South Africa must pass background checks which consider criminal, mental, medical, domestic violence, addiction, employment, and previous firearm licence40 41 42 43 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In South Africa, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are required44

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in South Africa stipulates40 41 42 43 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In South Africa, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required40 32 45 46 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In South Africa gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every 2 to 10 years47

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Licensing Records

In South Africa, authorities maintain a record48 49 50 51 18 52 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in South Africa are permitted to possess 1 firearm per firearm licence53

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in South Africa is permitted to possess up to 2,400 primers or 200 cartridges per firearm, for all those other than dedicated hunters or sports-shooters54 55

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In South Africa, the law requires48 56 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In South Africa, licensed firearm dealers are required48 57 58 59 18 56 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In South Africa, licensed gun makers are required48 56 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In South Africa, State agencies are required48 60 61 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In South Africa, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited62

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In South Africa, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful62 63

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In South Africa, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is 4 months for civilian competency certificates and 30 days for individual security officer certificates64

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In South Africa, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated65 66 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in South Africa include67 68 69 70 71 72 73 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in South Africa include67 68 13 74 14 75 76 71 72 73 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in South Africa include77 78 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in South Africa include67 14 79 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In South Africa, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law80 81 82 14

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Firearm Tracing

In South Africa, state authorities carry out83 81 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In South Africa, state authorities employ84 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In South Africa, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed without a permit85

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In South Africa, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed without a permit85

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Gun Free Zones

In South Africa, private guns are prohibited in educational institutions, churches, community centres, health facilities, NGOs, taverns, banks, corporate buildings, government buildings and some public spaces such as sport stadiums86 87

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In South Africa, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is up to 15 years prison29

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in South Africa are known to have88 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

In South Africa, the number of firearms and/or rounds of ammunition voluntarily surrendered for destruction in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be 62,40488 (2005)

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Small Arms Destroyed

In South Africa, the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 244,71988

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In South Africa, it is state policy89 90 91 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, South Africa adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200692

Southern African Development Community

As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), South Africa signed the SADC Declaration Concerning Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials in March 2001. This laid the ground for the August, 2001 adoption of the legally binding SADC Protocol on Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials93

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, South Africa voted to begin94 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified95 by South Africa

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, South Africa committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects96

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, South Africa has submitted one or more national reports97 98 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In South Africa, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated99 98

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In South Africa, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated99 98

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of South Africa submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent98

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated98 by South Africa to other UN Member States

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UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided98 to South Africa by other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, South Africa has not declared1 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, South Africa has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1945100

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists101 South Africa as a Participating State
Last Updated on 22 May 2012

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – South Africa.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4276)Full Citation

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Keegan, Margaret.2005.‘The Proliferation of Firearms in South Africa, 1994-2004.’ Gun Free South Africa.Johannesburg:Gun Free South Africa,30 April. (Q2068)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles: Known Law Enforcement Firearms Inventories.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q2089)Full Citation

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Kirsten, Adèle, Jacklyn Cock, Lephophotho Mashike and Knowledge Raji Matshedisho.2006.‘Gun-free Zones in South Africa's Fothane, Diepkloof, and Khayelitsha.’ Islands of Safety in a Sea of Guns.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 March. (Q2070)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Import, Export and Carriage In-transit of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1429)Full Citation

17.

South Africa.2004.‘Application Regarding In-Transit Permit.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5269)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Establishment of Central Importers' and Exporters' Database.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5271)Full Citation

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Marsh, Nicholas.2011.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 June. (Q16)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation

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World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2004.‘Targeting the Middlemen: Controlling brokering activities.’ Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q2077)Full Citation

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IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q128)Full Citation

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Lazarevic, Jasna.2011.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2011, covering major exporters.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5354)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Purpose of Act.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act.Johannesburg:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1383)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Organisational Structures – Registrar of Firearms.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1434)Full Citation

29.

South Africa.2000.‘General Prohibition in Respect of Firearms.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1417)Full Citation

30.

South Africa.2000.‘Prohibited Firearms.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1418)Full Citation

31.

South Africa.2000.‘Licence to Possess Firearm for Occasional Hunting and Sports-shooting.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1423)Full Citation

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South Africa.2008.‘Legal Instruments.’ National Report of South Africa on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of South Africa to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1641)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Competency Certificates, Licences, Permits and Authorisations.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1419)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Licence to Possess Firearm in Collection.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1424)Full Citation

35.

South Africa.2000.‘Licence to Possess Firearm for Self-defence.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1422)Full Citation

36.

South Africa.2000.‘Licence to Possess Firearm for Business Purposes.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1425)Full Citation

37.

South Africa.2004.‘Conditions Regarding the Possession of Ammunition in a Private Collection.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5254)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5394)Full Citation

39.

South Africa.2000.‘Application for Competency Certificate – Age.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1421)Full Citation

40.

South Africa.2000.‘Application for Competency Certificate.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1420)Full Citation

41.

South Africa.2000.‘Declaration by Registrar of Person as Unfit to Possess Firearm.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1432)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Specific Provisions Regarding Competency Certificates.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5250)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Specific Provisions Regarding Competency Certificates.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5251)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘General Provisions Regarding Applications Required in Terms of the Act.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5249)Full Citation

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South Africa.2005.‘Minimum Unit Standards for Competency Training.’ National Report of South Africa on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).Pretoria:Permanent Mission of the Republic of South Africa to the United Nations,11 July. (Q1717)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Specific Provisions Regarding Competency Certificates.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5252)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Period of Validity of Licence or Permit.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q4356)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Central Firearms Register.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1435)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘The Central Firearms Database.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5257)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Establishment of Centralised Dealer's Database.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5264)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Registers in Respect of a Manufacturer.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5268)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Information That the Central Database Must Contain.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5279)Full Citation

53.

South Africa.2000.‘Separate Licence in Respect of Each Firearm.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q4357)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Restrictions on Possession of Ammunition.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q4358)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Application for Authorisation to Possess More Than 2400 Primers and to Possess More Than 200 Cartridges.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5273)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5380)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Registers in Respect of a Dealer.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5261)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Registers in Respect of a Dealer.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5262)Full Citation

59.

South Africa.2004.‘Registers in Respect of a Dealer.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5263)Full Citation

60.

South Africa.2004.‘Registers to be Kept by Official Institution.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5274)Full Citation

61.

South Africa.2004.‘Particulars That Register Must Contain.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5275)Full Citation

62.

South Africa.2000.‘Prohibition of Unlicensed Trading in Firearms or Ammunition.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1428)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2008.‘The Meaning of Loss: Firearms diversion in South Africa.’ Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,14 July. (Q2071)Full Citation

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Zelda Venter. 2011. ‘4 Months … Then You Should Get Your Gun.’ Pretoria News (South Africa). 19 April. (N215) Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Temporary Authorisation to Display Firearms and Ammunition on Premises Other Than Those Specified in Manufacturer's Licence.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q4359)Full Citation

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South Africa.2004.‘Application for Temporary Authorisation to Trade in Firearms and Ammunition on Premises other than those Specified in Dealer's Licence.’ Firearms Control Regulations, 2004.Pretoria:Department of Safety and Security,26 March. (Q5260)Full Citation

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South Africa.2000.‘Storage and Transport of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Republic of South Africa Firearms Control Act 2000.Cape Town:Parliament of the Republic of South Africa,1 January. (Q1430)Full Citation

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