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Luxembourg — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Luxembourg is 70,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Luxembourg is 15.31 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Luxembourg ranked at No. 1472

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Luxembourg ranked at No. 411

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Luxembourg is reported to be 18,0003

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Luxembourg is 4.164 per 100 people

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Luxembourg are reported to have 2,0005 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Luxembourg are reported to have 1,6336 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Total Gun Deaths

In Luxembourg, annual deaths resulting from firearms total

2009: 97

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

In Luxembourg, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2009: 1.817

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual homicides by any means total

2008: 128
2002: 49
2001: 6
1999: 310
1998: 4
1997: 4
1996: 4
1995: 2

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 2.58
2007: 1.3
2006: 1.5
2005: 1.5
2004: 0.5
2003: 1.0
2002: 2.1
2001: 2.4
2000: 1.8
1999: 0.694 8
1998: 0.94
1997: 0.95
1996: 0.96
1995: 0.49

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual firearm homicides total

2009: 311
2008: 211 8
2007: 1
2006: 18
2005: 111
2003: 1
2002: 1
2001: 2
2000: 6
1999: 2
1998: 3
1997: 1

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.6011
2008: 0.4111 8
2007: 0.21
2006: 0.28
2005: 0.2211
2003: 0.22
2002: 0.22
2001: 0.45
2000: 1.37
1999: 0.46
1998: 0.7
1997: 0.24

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Handgun Homicides

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual handgun homicides total

2008: 111
2005: 1
2003: 1
2000: 3
1999: 1
1998: 1

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Rate of Handgun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of handgun homicide per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.2011
2005: 0.22
2003: 0.22
2000: 0.68
1999: 0.23
1998: 0.23

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Gun Homicides (Other)

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual gun homicides (other) total

2009: 311
2008: 1
2007: 1
2002: 1
2001: 2
2000: 3
1999: 1
1998: 2

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Rate of Gun Homicide (Other) per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of gun homicide (other) per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.6011
2008: 0.20
2007: 0.21
2002: 0.22
2001: 0.45
2000: 0.68
1999: 0.23
1998: 0.47

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Gun Suicides

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual firearm suicides total

2009: 512
2008: 9
2007: 11
2006: 10
2005: 6
2004: 5
2003: 5
2002: 11
2001: 7
2000: 6
1999: 10
1998: 12
1997: 6

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 1.0012
2008: 1.84
2007: 2.29
2006: 2.12
2005: 1.29
2004: 1.09
2003: 1.11
2002: 2.47
2001: 1.58
2000: 1.37
1999: 2.31
1998: 2.81
1997: 1.43

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Handgun Suicides

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual handgun suicides total

2009: 112
2008: 1
2006: 1
2005: 1

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Rate of Handgun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of handgun suicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.2012
2008: 0.20
2006: 0.21
2005: 0.22

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Long Gun Suicides

In Luxembourg, the number of long gun suicides is

2008: 212

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Rate of Long Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Luxembourg, the annual rate of long gun suicide per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.4112

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Gun Suicides (Other)

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual gun suicides (other) total

2009: 412
2008: 6
2007: 11
2006: 9
2005: 5
2004: 5
2003: 5
2002: 11
2001: 7
2000: 6
1999: 10
1998: 12

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Rate of Gun Suicide (Other) per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of gun suicide (other) per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.8012
2008: 1.23
2007: 2.29
2006: 1.90
2005: 1.07
2004: 1.09
2003: 1.11
2002: 2.47
2001: 1.58
2000: 1.37
1999: 2.31
1998: 2.81

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Unintentional Gun Deaths

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2004: 113
2001: 014

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2004: 0.2213
2001: 0.0014

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Unintentional Gun Deaths (Other)

In Luxembourg, annual unintentional shooting deaths by firearm (other) total

2004: 113

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death (Other) per 100,000 People

In Luxembourg, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death by firearm (other) per 100,000 population is

2004: 0.2213

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2009: 115
2008: 1
2007: 1
2006: 1
2005: 2
2002: 1
2001: 014
2000: 115

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.2015
2008: 0.20
2007: 0.21
2006: 0.21
2005: 0.43
2002: 0.22
2001: 0.0014
2000: 0.2315

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Long Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

In Luxembourg, annual deaths by long gun in which the cause remains undecided total

2009: 115

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Rate of Long Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

In Luxembourg, the annual rate of unknown-cause long gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.2015

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Gun Deaths (Other) from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Luxembourg, annual deaths by firearm (other) in which the cause remains undecided total

2008: 115
2007: 1
2006: 1
2005: 2
2002: 1
2000: 1

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Rate of Gun Death (Other) from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Luxembourg, the annual rate of unknown-cause gun deaths (other) per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.2015
2007: 0.21
2006: 0.21
2005: 0.43
2002: 0.22
2000: 0.23

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Luxembourg, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence3

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Luxembourg is ranked 'small'16

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Regulation of Firearm Exports

In Luxembourg, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 17 18 19 20

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Luxembourg is reported to be US$969,08021 (2011)

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Regulation of Firearm Imports

In Luxembourg, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 17 18 19 20

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Luxembourg is reported to be US$6,427,59921 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Luxembourg is negligible3

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Luxembourg, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law22

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Luxembourg is categorised as restrictive23

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Luxembourg includes the Arms and Munitions Act of 15 March 19833, and the Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons24 25

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Luxembourg are regulated by the Chamber of Deputies Minister of Justice,3 and the European Commission25

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Luxembourg, civilians are not allowed to possess longguns and handguns3, automatic firearms, firearms disguised as other objects, and armour-piercing, incendiary and expanding ammunition26 27

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Luxembourg, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited26 27

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Luxembourg, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted only with special authorisation28 29 27

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Regulation of Handguns

In Luxembourg, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited26 28 29 27

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Luxembourg, only licensed gun owners30 26 28 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Luxembourg are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, security31

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Luxembourg is 18 years31

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Luxembourg must pass background checks which consider criminal and mental31 records

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Luxembourg is permitted to possess only ammunition suitable for the intended firearm32

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Luxembourg, the law requires33 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Luxembourg, licensed firearm dealers are required34 33 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Luxembourg, licensed gun makers are required34 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Luxembourg, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful35 29

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Luxembourg do not include3 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Luxembourg include3 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Luxembourg, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is not required by law34 36

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Firearm Tracing

In Luxembourg, state authorities carry out36 33 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

European Union

As a member of the European Union, Luxembourg is bound by the provisions of the ‘EU Firearms Directive’ – the 2007 Legislative Resolution on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons of the European Parliament37 38

European Union Export Reporting

Under the European Union Common Position on Arms Exports, Luxembourg is bound to declare its transfers of military technology and equipment. Independent monitoring provides detailed comparisons of arms export reporting compliance across EU member states, and records that Luxembourg has yet to submit a national report39 on its arms transfers

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Luxembourg voted to begin40 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed, but not yet ratified41 by Luxembourg

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Luxembourg committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects42

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Luxembourg has submitted one or more national reports43 44 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Luxembourg, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated45 44

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated44 by Luxembourg to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Luxembourg has declared2 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Luxembourg has been a Member State of the United Nations since 194546

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists47 Luxembourg as a Participating State

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

3.

United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

4.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Luxembourg.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4260)Full Citation

5.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

6.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

7.

WHO.2011.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Total Firearm Death.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,15 September. (Q5684)Full Citation

8.

UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Luxembourg.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6253)Full Citation

9.

UNODC.2005.‘Recorded Homicide and Firearm Homicide in 53 Countries, Completed or Attempted.’ Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001-2002).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,15 April. (Q1077)Full Citation

10.

Barclay, Gordon, Cynthia Tavares and Arsalaan Siddique.2001.‘Crimes Recorded by Police: Homicide.’ International Comparisons of Criminal Justice Statistics 1999.London:UK Home Office,1 May. (Q2143)Full Citation

11.

WHO.2012.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Gun Homicide in Luxembourg.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,20 February. (Q6090)Full Citation

12.

WHO.2012.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Gun Suicide in Luxembourg.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,1 March. (Q6155)Full Citation

13.

WHO.2012.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Unintentional Gun Deaths in Luxembourg.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,12 March. (Q6194)Full Citation

14.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

15.

WHO.2012.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Gun Death from Undetermined Cause in Luxembourg.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,26 June. (Q6456)Full Citation

16.

Small Arms Survey.2001.‘Ranking of World's Small Arms Producers (By Sales).’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q103)Full Citation

17.

European Council.1991.‘Article 11.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2414)Full Citation

18.

European Council.1991.‘Article 12.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2415)Full Citation

19.

European Council.1991.‘Article 13.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2416)Full Citation

20.

European Council.1991.‘Article 14.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2417)Full Citation

21.

Marsh, Nicholas.2013.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,14 February. (Q16)Full Citation

22.

European Council.1991.‘Article 4b.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2408)Full Citation

23.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

24.

European Council.1991.‘European Weapons Directive.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2403)Full Citation

25.

European Council.1991.‘Article 18.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2418)Full Citation

26.

European Council.1991.‘Article 6.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2410)Full Citation

27.

European Council.1991.‘Annex 1.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2419)Full Citation

28.

European Council.1991.‘Article 7.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2411)Full Citation

29.

European Council.1991.‘Article 8.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2412)Full Citation

30.

European Council.1991.‘Article 4a.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2407)Full Citation

31.

European Council.1991.‘Article 5.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2409)Full Citation

32.

European Council.1991.‘Article 10.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2413)Full Citation

33.

European Council.1991.‘Article 4.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2406)Full Citation

34.

Luxembourg.2010.‘Marking, Record-Keeping and Tracing of Firearms (Marquage, Enregistrement et Traçage des Armes).’ National Report of Luxembourg on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Luxembourg to the United Nations,3 March. (Q4734)Full Citation

35.

European Council.1991.‘Article 4.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2405)Full Citation

36.

European Council.1991.‘Article 4.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2404)Full Citation

37.

European Parliament.2007.‘Roll-call Vote: EU Firearms Directive.’ Legislative Resolution on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons.Brussels:VoteWatch.eu,29 November. (Q1346)Full Citation

38.

EU Parliament.2007.‘Draft Legislative Resolution on the EU Parliament Firearms Directive 2007.’ Report on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons.Brussels:European Parliament,12 July. (Q1970)Full Citation

39.

Saferworld.2010.‘EU Arms Transfer Reporting Database.’ Saferworld European Union Arms Transfer Reporting Database.London:Saferworld,9 December. (Q3364)Full Citation

40.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

41.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

42.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

43.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

44.

UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

45.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

46.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

47.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation