Find Gun Policy Facts

Armed violence prevention, gun control laws and the small arms trade:

Research supported by

Go To ..

Japan — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

expand all collapse all

StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Japan is 710,0001

Compare
Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Japan is 0.61 firearms per 100 people

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Japan ranked at No. 642

Compare
Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Japan ranked at No. 1641

Compare
Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Japan is reported to be 320,0003

Compare
Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Japan is 0.254 per 100 people

Compare
Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Japan is reported to be 413,0962

Compare
Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Japan is 0.324

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Japan, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 40,5395

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Japan, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 325,1365

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Handguns

There are reportedly 776 handguns in civilian possession in Japan

Government Guns

Compare
Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Japan are reported to have 737,5007 firearms

Compare
Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Japan are reported to have 250,0008 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

Compare
Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Japan, annual homicides by any means total

2008: 5829
2007: 553
2006: 621
2005: 637
2004: 703
2003: 759
2002: 784
2001: 776
2000: 818
1999: 834
1998: 851
1997: 755
1996: 719
1995: 759

Compare
Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Japan, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.59 10
2007: 0.4
2006: 0.5
2005: 0.5
2004: 0.6
2003: 0.6
2002: 0.6
2001: 0.6
2000: 0.79
1999: 0.7
1998: 0.7
1997: 0.6
1996: 0.6
1995: 0.6
1994: 0.6211

Compare
Gun Homicides

ChartIn Japan, annual firearm homicides total

2008: 119
2002: 4712
2001: 56
1997: 3413
1996: 36
1995: 42

Compare
Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Japan, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2008: 0.09
2002: 0.0412
2001: 0.04
1997: 0.0313
1996: 0.03
1995: 0.03
1994: 0.0214

Compare
Suicides (any method)

In Japan, annual suicides by any means total

1997: 23,50215

Compare
Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Japan, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

1997: 18.4115
1994: 16.7216

Compare
Gun Suicides

In Japan, annual firearm suicides total

1999: 4715

Compare
Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Japan, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

1999: 0.0415
1994: 0.0417

Compare
Unintentional Gun Deaths

In Japan, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

1999: 715

Compare
Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Japan, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

1999: 0.0115
1994: 0.0018

Compare
Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

In Japan, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

1999: 715

Compare
Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Japan, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

1999: 0.0115
1994: 0.0019

ProductionGun Industry

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Japan, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence20

Compare
Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Japan is ranked 'small'21

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Exports

In Japan, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 22

Compare
Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Japan is reported to be US$73,272,05423 (2011)

Compare
Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Japan is categorized as 'minor'24

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Imports

In Japan, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 25 26

Compare
Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Japan is reported to be US$27,896,88823 (2011)

Compare
Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Japan is moderate27 6

Compare
Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in Japan is reported to be US$6,00028

Compare
Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Japan, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law29 30

Compare
End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Japan do not include31 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

Compare
Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

In the most recent survey of state transparency when declaring firearm and ammunition exports, Japan was ranked number 34 among 49 major small arms exporting nations in 2011, with a score of 9.00 points of a possible total of 2532

MeasuresGun Regulation

Compare
Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Japan is categorised as restrictive33

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Japan includes the Firearms and Swords Control Law34 26, Ordnance Manufacturing Law20, Explosives Control Law35 36 and Customs Law25

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Japan are regulated by the Prefectural Public Safety Commission37

Compare
Right to Possess Firearms

In Japan, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law31

Compare
Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Japan, civilians are not allowed to possess handguns, hunting guns without specific approval5, military rifles, machine guns, any gunpowder charged firearm, certain air guns26 and imitation firearms38

Compare
Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Japan, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited26 39

Compare
Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Japan, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited26 39

Compare
Regulation of Handguns

In Japan, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is prohibited, with the exception of accomplished sports shooters40 26 39

Compare
Gun Owner Licensing

In Japan, only licensed gun owners5 41 42 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

Compare
Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Japan are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting (with special permission)5 42

Compare
Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Japan is 18 years41 42

Compare
Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Japan must pass background checks which consider criminal and mental5 41 42 records

Compare
Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Japan, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required6

Compare
Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Japan does not stipulate6 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

Compare
Firearm Safety Training

In Japan, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required5 41 for a firearm licence

Compare
Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Japan gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every 3 years41 43

Compare
Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Japan are permitted to possess any number of firearms44

Compare
Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Japan is permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition31

Firearm Registration

Compare
Civilian Gun Registration

In Japan, the law requires45 46 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

Compare
Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Japan, licensed firearm dealers are required45 46 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

Compare
Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Japan, licensed gun makers are required45 46 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

Compare
State-Owned Firearm Records

In Japan, State agencies are required46 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

Compare
Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Japan, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited47

Compare
Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Japan, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful47

Compare
Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Japan, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined31

Compare
Regulation of Gun Shows

In Japan, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated31 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Japan include48 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Japan do not include31 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Japan include48 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Japan do not include31 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm Marking

In Japan, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law46 45

Compare
Firearm Tracing

In Japan, state authorities carry out46 45 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Compare
Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Japan, state authorities do not employ31 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

Compare
Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Japan, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited43

Compare
Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Japan, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit43

Compare
Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Japan, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 15 years prison26

Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Compare
Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Japan, it is state policy49 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

At the resumption of the most recent session of the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (UNCCPCJ), a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, Japan was listed as an elected member for a three-year term of office50

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Japan voted to begin51 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

Compare
United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed, but not yet ratified52 by Japan

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Japan committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects53

Compare
UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Japan has submitted one or more national reports54 30 on its implementation of the UNPoA

Compare
UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Japan, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated55 30

Compare
UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Japan, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has not been designated55 30

Compare
UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Japan submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent30 56

Compare
UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated30 57 by Japan to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Japan has not declared2 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Japan has been a Member State of the United Nations since 195658

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists59 Japan as a Participating State

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2010.‘Elusive Arsenals: Gang and Group Firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2010: Gangs, Groups, and Guns.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,14 June. (Q2105)Full Citation

4.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Japan.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4248)Full Citation

5.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q1466)Full Citation

6.

United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

7.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 1 - Estimated Law Enforcement Firearms in 20 Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q6544)Full Citation

9.

UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Japan.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6318)Full Citation

10.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘East Asia and the Pacific, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3814)Full Citation

11.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1301)Full Citation

12.

UNODC.2005.‘Recorded Homicide and Firearm Homicide in 53 Countries, Completed or Attempted.’ Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001-2002).Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,15 April. (Q1077)Full Citation

13.

UNODC.2001.‘Japan: Total Recorded Intentional Homicides (Completed) and Total Recorded Intentional Homicides Committed With a Firearm.’ Sixth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, covering the period 1995-1997.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,27 June. (Q1335)Full Citation

14.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1297)Full Citation

15.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

16.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1302)Full Citation

17.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1298)Full Citation

18.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1299)Full Citation

19.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1300)Full Citation

20.

Japan.2010.‘Outline of National Laws, Regulations and Decrees – Ordnance Manufacturing Law.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1680)Full Citation

21.

Small Arms Survey.2001.‘Ranking of World's Small Arms Producers (By Sales).’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q103)Full Citation

22.

Japan.2010.‘Three Principles on Arms Export.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1683)Full Citation

23.

Marsh, Nicholas.2013.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,14 February. (Q16)Full Citation

24.

Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation

25.

Japan.2010.‘Outline of National Laws, Regulations and Decrees – Customs Law.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1687)Full Citation

26.

Japan.2010.‘Outline of National Criminal Offences Relating to Illicit SALW – Firearms and Swords Control Law.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1685)Full Citation

27.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q2100)Full Citation

28.

World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

29.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

30.

UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

31.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q4146)Full Citation

32.

Lazarevic, Jasna.2011.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2011, covering major exporters.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5354)Full Citation

33.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

34.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q1465)Full Citation

35.

Japan.2010.‘Outline of National Criminal Offences Relating to Illicit SALW – Explosives Control Law.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1686)Full Citation

36.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q1467)Full Citation

37.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q1468)Full Citation

38.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q2102)Full Citation

39.

Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5369)Full Citation

40.

Japan.2001.‘Firearms Control in Japan.’ National Police Agency, Firearms Division.Tokyo:Firearms Division, Community Safety Bureau, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q2101)Full Citation

41.

Japan.2002.‘Firearms Control in Japan 2002.’ No! Guns 2002.Tokyo:Firearms Division, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q2122)Full Citation

42.

Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5420)Full Citation

43.

Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5439)Full Citation

44.

Karp, Aaron.2005.‘The Count Continues: Stockpiles: North-East Asia: The world's largest regional small arms stockpiles?.’ Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q2104)Full Citation

45.

Japan.2010.‘Marking, Record Keeping and Tracing.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1679)Full Citation

46.

Japan.2010.‘Marking, Record Keeping and Tracing.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1678)Full Citation

47.

Japan.2002.‘Firearms Control in Japan 2002.’ No! Guns 2002.Tokyo:Firearms Division, National Police Agency,1 January. (Q2103)Full Citation

48.

Japan.2010.‘Stockpile Management and Security.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1682)Full Citation

49.

Japan.2010.‘Disposal.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1681)Full Citation

50.

UNCCPCJ / UNODC.1991.‘Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.’ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.Vienna:United Nations Economic and Social Council / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,1 January. (Q3222)Full Citation

51.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

52.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

53.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

54.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

55.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

56.

Japan.2010.‘Cooperation with Civil Society and NGOs.’ National Report of Japan on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1688)Full Citation

57.

Robin Ballantyne. 2005. ‘Japan's Hidden Arms Trade.’ Asia Times (Hong Kong) / Japan Focus. 1 December. (N192) Full Citation

58.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

59.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation