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Jamaica — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Jamaica is 215,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Jamaica is 8.12 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Jamaica ranked at No. 1141

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 179 countries, Jamaica ranked at No. 742

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Jamaica is reported to be 50,0003

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Jamaica is 1.844 per 100 people

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Jamaica is reported to be 65,0001 5

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Jamaica is 2.384

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Jamaica, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 7436

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Jamaica, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 3,4226

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

There are reportedly 13,9806 handguns in civilian possession in Jamaica

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Jamaica are reported to have 7,0007 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Jamaica are reported to have 10,6408 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, annual homicides by any means total

2009: 1,6809
2008: 1,611
2007: 1,583
2006: 1,340
2005: 1,674
2004: 1,471
2003: 975
2002: 1,045
2001: 1,139
2000: 887
1999: 84910
1998: 953
1997: 1,031
1996: 925
1995: 780
1994: 690
1993: 654
1992: 629
1991: 561
1990: 542

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2009: 61.799
2008: 59.49
2007: 58.72
2006: 49.94
2005: 62.74
2004: 55.51
2003: 37.06
2002: 40.04
2001: 43.99
2000: 34.54
1999: 33.3611
1998: 33.82
1996: 37.24

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Number of Gun Homicides

ChartIn Jamaica, annual firearm homicides total

2005 (Jan - June): 6063
2004: 1,045
2003: 692
2002: 5,593
2001: 789

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Jamaica, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 47.449
2008: 46.27
2007: 46.33
2006: 37.57
2005: 47.90
2004: 41.92

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Number of Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, annual suicides by any means total

2008: 3712
2004: 42
1995: 3613

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 5.0012
1995: 1.3613

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Number of Gun Suicides

In Jamaica, annual firearm suicides total

1995: 913

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Jamaica, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

1995: 0.3413

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In Jamaica, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence, but is not conducted in practice14

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In Jamaica, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 15 16 17

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Jamaica is reported to be US$1,47118 (2007)

Import Control

In Jamaica, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 15 16 17 19

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Jamaica is reported to be US$2,078,53918 (2009)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Jamaica is high20 3 21 22 23 24 25

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Jamaica, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law16

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Jamaica do not include26 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Jamaica is categorised as restrictive27

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Jamaica is the Firearms Act 1967 and the Gunpowder and Explosives Act28 19

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Jamaica are regulated by the Ministry of National Security and the Firearm Licensing Authority29 30 16

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Jamaica, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law26

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Jamaica, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms31

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Jamaica, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited31

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Regulation of Handguns

In Jamaica, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence31 6

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Jamaica, only licensed gun owners32 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Jamaica are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, security32 6

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Jamaica is 17 years33

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Jamaica must pass background checks which consider criminal and mental32 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Jamaica, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required26

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Jamaica does not stipulate26 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Jamaica, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required32 for a firearm licence

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Licensing Records

In Jamaica, authorities maintain a record29 34 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Jamaica are permitted to possess any number of firearms26

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Jamaica is permitted to possess only 50 rounds of ammunition per year24

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Jamaica, the law requires29 34 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Jamaica, licensed firearm dealers are required16 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Jamaica, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited35

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Jamaica, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful35

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Jamaica, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined26

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Jamaica, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated26 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Jamaica include32 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Jamaica do not include26 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Jamaica include36 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Jamaica do not include26 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Jamaica, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law14

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Firearm Tracing

In Jamaica, state authorities carry out37 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Jamaica, state authorities employ38 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Jamaica, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit39

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Jamaica, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit39

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Jamaica are known to have40 41 42 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Jamaica, the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 4,00042 (1999), 10,13240 (2004) and 6,00041 (2010)

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Organization of American States

On 14 November 1997, as a member of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Jamaica adopted the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA), a legally binding multilateral treaty of which the OAS is depository. The CIFTA Convention has since been signed, but not yet ratified43 44 by Jamaica

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Jamaica voted to begin45 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified46 by Jamaica

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Jamaica committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects47

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Jamaica has submitted one or more national reports48 49 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Jamaica, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated50 49

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Jamaica submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent49

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated49 by Jamaica to other UN Member States

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UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided49 to Jamaica by other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Jamaica has not declared1 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Jamaica has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196251

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list52 Jamaica as a Participating State
Last Updated on 29 January 2012

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

Jamaica.2005.‘Action at the National Level.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1525)Full Citation

4.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Jamaica.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4247)Full Citation

5.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Civilian Firearms Legally Registered.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5679)Full Citation

6.

United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

7.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

9.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Intentional Homicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5678)Full Citation

10.

Wortley, Scot, Rosemary Gartner, Randy Seepersad and Andrea McCalla.2006.‘Total Number of Major Crimes and Total Number of Murders Recorded by the Jamaican Government, 1990 to 2005 – Homicide.’ The Jamaican National Crime Victimization Survey.Toronto:Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto,1 January. (Q2145)Full Citation

11.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Latin America and the Caribbean, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3817)Full Citation

12.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Suicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5680)Full Citation

13.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

14.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1520)Full Citation

15.

Jamaica.1967.‘Restriction on Importation, Exportation and Transhipment of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1402)Full Citation

16.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1521)Full Citation

17.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the Programme of Action (UNPoA).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1598)Full Citation

18.

Marsh, Nicholas.2011.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 June. (Q16)Full Citation

19.

Jamaica.2005.‘Introduction.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1524)Full Citation

20.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the Programme of Action (UNPoA).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1599)Full Citation

21.

Jamaica.2005.‘Action at the National Level.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1527)Full Citation

22.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Introduction.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3339)Full Citation

23.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Introduction.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3344)Full Citation

24.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Illegal Ammunition.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3345)Full Citation

25.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Introduction.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3346)Full Citation

26.

Jamaica.1967.‘Establishment of Authority.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Jamaica,16 March. (Q4145)Full Citation

27.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

28.

Jamaica.1967.‘Firearms Act.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1380)Full Citation

29.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1522)Full Citation

30.

Jamaica.1967.‘Establishment of Authority.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1396)Full Citation

31.

Jamaica.1967.‘Interpretation.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1400)Full Citation

32.

Jamaica.1967.‘General Provisions as to Grant and Issue of Licences, Certificates and Permits.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1398)Full Citation

33.

Jamaica.1967.‘Restrictions Upon Acquisition or Disposal of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1397)Full Citation

34.

Kytömäki, Elli, and Valerie Yankey-Wayne.2006.‘Five Years of Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Regional analysis of the national reports.’ UNDP / UNIDIR / UNDDA / Small Arms Survey.Geneva:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research / UNIDIR,1 June. (Q2067)Full Citation

35.

Jamaica.1967.‘General Restrictions Upon Manufacture and Dealing in Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1399)Full Citation

36.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Weapons Storage, Management, and Destruction by Security Forces.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3393)Full Citation

37.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Marking and Tracing.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:UN Development Programme / UNDP, UN Institute for Disarmament Research / UNIDIR, UN Office for Disarmament Affairs / UNODA, Small Arms Survey,1 November. (Q1977)Full Citation

38.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Firearm Oversight.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3392)Full Citation

39.

Jamaica.1967.‘General Restriction Upon Carrying Firearms and Ammunition in Public.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1401)Full Citation

40.

Jamaica.2005.‘Action at the National Level.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1526)Full Citation

41.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Weapons Storage, Management, and Destruction by Security Forces.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3343)Full Citation

42.

Godnick, William and Helena Vasquez.2003.‘Jamaica.’ Small Arms Control in Latin America: Monitoring the Implementation of Small Arms Control Projects (MISAC).London:International Alert, Security and Peacebuilding Programme,1 March. (Q5562)Full Citation

43.

OAS / UNODA.1997.‘Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials / CIFTA.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:Organization of American States / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 November. (Q3244)Full Citation

44.

OAS.1997.‘Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA): Signatures and Ratifications.’ Organization of American States, Department of International Law.Washington DC:Organization of American States,14 November. (Q3262)Full Citation

45.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

46.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

47.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

48.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

49.

UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

50.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

51.

UN.2009.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,11 May. (Q290)Full Citation

52.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation