Find Gun Policy Facts

Armed violence prevention, gun control laws and the small arms trade:

Research supported by

Go To ..

Jamaica — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

expand all collapse all

StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Jamaica is 215,0001

Compare
Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Jamaica is 8.11 firearms per 100 people

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Jamaica ranked at No. 1142

Compare
Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Jamaica ranked at No. 741

Compare
Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Jamaica is reported to be 50,0003

Compare
Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Jamaica is 1.844 per 100 people

Compare
Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Jamaica is reported to be 65,0002 5

Compare
Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Jamaica is 2.384

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Jamaica, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 7436

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Jamaica, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 3,4226

Compare
Number of Privately Owned Handguns

There are reportedly 13,9806 handguns in civilian possession in Jamaica

Government Guns

Compare
Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Jamaica are reported to have 7,0007 firearms

Compare
Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Jamaica are reported to have 9,0008 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

Compare
Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, annual homicides by any means total

2010: 1,4289
2009: 1,68010
2008: 1,611
2007: 1,583
2006: 1,340
2005: 1,674
2004: 1,471
2003: 975
2002: 1,045
2001: 1,139
2000: 887
1999: 8499 11
1998: 953
1997: 1,038
1996: 925
1995: 780
1994: 69011
1993: 654
1992: 629
1991: 561
1990: 542

Compare
Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2010: 52.19
2009: 61.7910
2008: 59.49
2007: 58.72
2006: 49.94
2005: 62.74
2004: 55.51
2003: 37.06
2002: 40.04
2001: 43.99
2000: 34.54
1999: 33.29 12
1998: 37.6
1997: 41.49
1996: 37.29 12
1995: 31.79

Compare
Gun Homicides

ChartIn Jamaica, annual firearm homicides total

2010: 1,0809
2009: 1,290
2008: 1,253
2007: 1,249
2006: 1,008
2005: 1,2789 3
2004: 1,111
2003: 6923
2002: 5,593
2001: 789

Compare
Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Jamaica, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2010: 39.49
2009: 47.29 10
2008: 46.1
2007: 46.1
2006: 37.4
2005: 47.7
2004: 41.7

Compare
Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, annual suicides by any means total

2008: 3713
2004: 42
1995: 3614

Compare
Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Jamaica, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 5.0013
1995: 1.3614

Compare
Gun Suicides

In Jamaica, annual firearm suicides total

1995: 914

Compare
Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

In Jamaica, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

1995: 0.3414

ProductionGun Industry

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Jamaica, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence, but is not conducted in practice15

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Exports

In Jamaica, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 16 17 18

Compare
Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Jamaica is reported to be US$4,31619 (2011)

Compare
Regulation of Firearm Imports

In Jamaica, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 16 17 18 20

Compare
Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Jamaica is reported to be US$1,553,16619 (2011)

Compare
Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Jamaica is high21 3 22 23 24 25 26

Compare
Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Jamaica, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law17

Compare
End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Jamaica do not include27 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

Compare
Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Jamaica is categorised as restrictive28

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Jamaica includes the Firearms Act 1967 and the Gunpowder and Explosives Act29 20

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Jamaica are regulated by the Ministry of National Security and the Firearm Licensing Authority30 31 17

Compare
Right to Possess Firearms

In Jamaica, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law27

Compare
Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Jamaica, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms32

Compare
Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Jamaica, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited32

Compare
Regulation of Handguns

In Jamaica, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence32 6

Compare
Gun Owner Licensing

In Jamaica, only licensed gun owners33 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

Compare
Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Jamaica are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, collection, personal protection, security33 6

Compare
Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Jamaica is 17 years34

Compare
Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Jamaica must pass background checks which consider criminal and mental33 records

Compare
Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Jamaica, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required27

Compare
Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Jamaica does not stipulate27 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

Compare
Firearm Safety Training

In Jamaica, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required33 for a firearm licence

Compare
Licensing Records

In Jamaica, authorities maintain a record30 35 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

Compare
Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Jamaica are permitted to possess any number of firearms27

Compare
Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Jamaica is permitted to possess only 50 rounds of ammunition per year25

Firearm Registration

Compare
Civilian Gun Registration

In Jamaica, the law requires30 35 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

Compare
Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Jamaica, licensed firearm dealers are required17 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

Gun Sales and Transfers

Compare
Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Jamaica, the private sale and transfer of firearms is prohibited36

Compare
Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Jamaica, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful36

Compare
Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Jamaica, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined27

Compare
Regulation of Gun Shows

In Jamaica, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated27 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Jamaica include33 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Jamaica do not include27 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Jamaica include37 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

Compare
Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Jamaica do not include27 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

Compare
Firearm Marking

In Jamaica, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law15

Compare
Firearm Tracing

In Jamaica, state authorities carry out38 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

Compare
Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Jamaica, state authorities employ39 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

Compare
Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Jamaica, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit40

Compare
Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Jamaica, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit40

Compare
Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Jamaica are known to have41 42 43 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

Compare
Small Arms Destroyed

In Jamaica, the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 4,00043 (1999), 10,13241 (2004) and 6,00042 (2010)

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Organization of American States

On 14 November 1997, as a member of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Jamaica adopted the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA), a legally binding multilateral treaty of which the OAS is depository. The CIFTA Convention has since been signed, but not yet ratified44 45 by Jamaica

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Jamaica voted to begin46 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

Compare
United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified47 by Jamaica

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Jamaica committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects48

Compare
UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Jamaica has submitted one or more national reports49 50 on its implementation of the UNPoA

Compare
UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Jamaica, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated51 50

Compare
UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Jamaica submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent50

Compare
UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated50 by Jamaica to other UN Member States

Compare
UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided50 to Jamaica by other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Jamaica has not declared2 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Jamaica has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196252

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list53 Jamaica as a Participating State

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

3.

Jamaica.2005.‘Action at the National Level.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1525)Full Citation

4.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Jamaica.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4247)Full Citation

5.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Civilian Firearms Legally Registered.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5679)Full Citation

6.

United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

7.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 2 - Examples of Police Firearms Per Officer in Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q6545)Full Citation

9.

UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Jamaica.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6360)Full Citation

10.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Intentional Homicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5678)Full Citation

11.

Wortley, Scot, Rosemary Gartner, Randy Seepersad and Andrea McCalla.2006.‘Total Number of Major Crimes and Total Number of Murders Recorded by the Jamaican Government, 1990 to 2005 – Homicide.’ The Jamaican National Crime Victimization Survey.Toronto:Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto,1 January. (Q2145)Full Citation

12.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Latin America and the Caribbean, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3817)Full Citation

13.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Suicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5680)Full Citation

14.

Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

15.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1520)Full Citation

16.

Jamaica.1967.‘Restriction on Importation, Exportation and Transhipment of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1402)Full Citation

17.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1521)Full Citation

18.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the Programme of Action (UNPoA).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1598)Full Citation

19.

Marsh, Nicholas.2013.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,14 February. (Q16)Full Citation

20.

Jamaica.2005.‘Introduction.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1524)Full Citation

21.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the Programme of Action (UNPoA).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1599)Full Citation

22.

Jamaica.2005.‘Action at the National Level.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1527)Full Citation

23.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Introduction.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3339)Full Citation

24.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Introduction.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3344)Full Citation

25.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Illegal Ammunition.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3345)Full Citation

26.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Introduction.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3346)Full Citation

27.

Jamaica.1967.‘Establishment of Authority.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Jamaica,16 March. (Q4145)Full Citation

28.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

29.

Jamaica.1967.‘Firearms Act.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1380)Full Citation

30.

Jamaica.2008.‘Implementation of the International Tracing Instrument (ITI).’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons.New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 March. (Q1522)Full Citation

31.

Jamaica.1967.‘Establishment of Authority.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1396)Full Citation

32.

Jamaica.1967.‘Interpretation.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1400)Full Citation

33.

Jamaica.1967.‘General Provisions as to Grant and Issue of Licences, Certificates and Permits.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1398)Full Citation

34.

Jamaica.1967.‘Restrictions Upon Acquisition or Disposal of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1397)Full Citation

35.

Kytömäki, Elli, and Valerie Yankey-Wayne.2006.‘Five Years of Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Regional analysis of the national reports.’ UNDP / UNIDIR / UNDDA / Small Arms Survey.Geneva:United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research / UNIDIR,1 June. (Q2067)Full Citation

36.

Jamaica.1967.‘General Restrictions Upon Manufacture and Dealing in Firearms and Ammunition.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1399)Full Citation

37.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Weapons Storage, Management, and Destruction by Security Forces.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3393)Full Citation

38.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Marking and Tracing.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:UN Development Programme / UNDP, UN Institute for Disarmament Research / UNIDIR, UN Office for Disarmament Affairs / UNODA, Small Arms Survey,1 November. (Q1977)Full Citation

39.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Firearm Oversight.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3392)Full Citation

40.

Jamaica.1967.‘General Restriction Upon Carrying Firearms and Ammunition in Public.’ Firearms Act 1967 Regulation, Act 26 of 2005.Kingston:Parliament of Jamaica,16 March. (Q1401)Full Citation

41.

Jamaica.2005.‘Action at the National Level.’ National Report of Jamaica on its Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Jamaica to the United Nations,1 January. (Q1526)Full Citation

42.

Leslie, Glaister.2010.‘Weapons Storage, Management, and Destruction by Security Forces.’ Confronting the Don: The Political Economy of Gang Violence in Jamaica.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,3 November. (Q3343)Full Citation

43.

Godnick, William and Helena Vasquez.2003.‘Jamaica.’ Small Arms Control in Latin America: Monitoring the Implementation of Small Arms Control Projects (MISAC).London:International Alert, Security and Peacebuilding Programme,1 March. (Q5562)Full Citation

44.

OAS / UNODA.1997.‘Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials / CIFTA.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:Organization of American States / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 November. (Q3244)Full Citation

45.

OAS.1997.‘Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA): Signatures and Ratifications.’ Organization of American States, Department of International Law.Washington DC:Organization of American States,14 November. (Q3262)Full Citation

46.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

47.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

48.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

49.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

50.

UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

51.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

52.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

53.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation