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Finland — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Finland is 2,400,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Finland is 45.72 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Finland ranked at No. 331

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 179 countries, Finland ranked at No. 42

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Finland is reported to be 672,7723 4

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Finland is 12.815 per 100 people

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Finland is reported to be 1,580,0006

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Finland is 307

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Finland, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 665,0008

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Finland, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 600,0009

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

There are reportedly 250,00010 handguns in civilian possession in Finland

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Finland are reported to have 531,00011 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Finland are reported to have 18,99512 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Total Number of Gun Deaths

In Finland, annual deaths resulting from firearms total

2009: 20613

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Rate of All Gun Deaths per 100,000 People

In Finland, the annual rate of all gun deaths per 100,000 population is

2009: 3.8613

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Finland, annual homicides by any means total

2009: 12114
2008: 132
2007: 128
2006: 120
2005: 117
2004: 148
2003: 103
2002: 132
2001: 156
2000: 148
1999: 143
1998: 113
1997: 13915 14
1996: 156
1995: 146

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2009: 2.314
2008: 2.5
2007: 2.4
2006: 2.3
2005: 2.2
2004: 2.8
2003: 2.0
2002: 2.5
2001: 3.0
2000: 2.9
1999: 2.8
1998: 2.2
1997: 2.7
1996: 3.0
1995: 2.9
1994: 3.2416

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Number of Gun Homicides

ChartIn Finland, annual firearm homicides total

2009: 2217 14
2008: 30
2007: 23
2006: 17
2005: 11
2004: 30
2003: 18
2002: 2017
2001: 30
2000: 32
1999: 33
1998: 2217 14
1997: 4017
1996: 34

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.4117 14
2008: 0.56
2007: 0.43
2006: 0.32
2005: 0.21
2004: 0.57
2003: 0.35
2002: 0.3817
2001: 0.58
2000: 0.62
1999: 0.64
1998: 0.4317 14
1997: 0.7817
1996: 0.66
1994: 0.8618

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Number of Suicides (any method)

In Finland, annual suicides by any means total

1998: 1,22819

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

1998: 23.5819
1994: 27.2620

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Number of Gun Suicides

ChartIn Finland, annual firearm suicides total

2009: 18121
2008: 207
2007: 172
2006: 183
2005: 169
2004: 219
2003: 232
2002: 205
2001: 234
2000: 200
1999: 268
1998: 267
1997: 302
1996: 278

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 3.3921
2008: 3.9
2007: 3.25
2006: 3.48
2005: 3.22
2004: 4.19
2003: 4.45
2002: 3.94
2001: 4.51
2000: 3.86
1999: 5.19
1998: 5.18
1997: 5.88
1996: 5.43
1994: 5.7822

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Number of Unintentional Gun Deaths

ChartIn Finland, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2007: 123
2006: 4
2005: 1
2004: 2
2003: 3
2002: 3
2001: 2
2000: 019
1999: 623
1998: 3
1997: 2
1996: 3

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2007: 0.0223
2006: 0.08
2005: 0.02
2004: 0.04
2003: 0.06
2002: 0.06
2001: 0.04
2000: 0.0019
1999: 0.1223
1998: 0.06
1997: 0.04
1996: 0.06
1994: 0.1224

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Finland, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2006: 225
2000: 319

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Finland, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2006: 0.0425
2000: 0.0619
1994: 0.1026

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In Finland, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence27 28

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Finland is ranked 'small'29

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In Finland, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Finland is reported to be US$66,465,47838 (2009)

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Finland is categorized as 'mid-level'39

Import Control

In Finland, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 40 32 41 42 33 34 35 36 37

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Finland is reported to be US$26,093,28838 (2009)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Finland is low43

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Finland, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law44 45 46

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Finland include47 48 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

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Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

In the most recent survey of state transparency when declaring firearm and ammunition exports, Finland was ranked number 15 among 49 major small arms exporting nations in 2011, with a score of 14.00 points of a possible total of 2549

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Finland is categorised as restrictive50

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Finland is the Firearms Act51, the Act on the Export and Transit of Defence Materiel52, the Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons,53 54 and the Convention of 1 July 1969 on Reciprocal Recognition of Proofmarks on Small Arms55

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Finland are regulated by the Ministry of the Interior and the local Police,56 57 and the European Commission54

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Finland, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law58

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Finland, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms, disguised firearms, armour piercing and incendiary ammunition59 60

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Finland, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited, with few exceptions61 59 60 62

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Finland, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence in some cases61 62 63 64 65

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Regulation of Handguns

In Finland, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence in some cases61 59 66 63 64 65

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Finland, only licensed gun owners32 67 68 69 66 63 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Finland are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, gun collecting, employment requirements70 61 71 72 73 74

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Finland is 18 years, or 15 years with parental consent71 74

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Finland must pass background checks which consider criminal and mental75 74 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Finland, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required51 76

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Finland does not stipulate58 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Finland, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required (in the workplace)71, for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Finland gun owners are licensed for an indefinite period77 78

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Licensing Records

In Finland, authorities maintain a record79 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Finland are permitted to possess any number of firearms58

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Finland is permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition58 80

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Finland, the law requires79 62 81 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Finland, licensed firearm dealers are required82 62 81 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Finland, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted83

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Finland, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful27 84 85 86 32 87 64

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Finland, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated58 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Finland include88 89 90 71 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Finland include91 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Finland include92 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Finland include88 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Finland, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law93 94 95

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Firearm Tracing

In Finland, state authorities carry out93 94 95 81 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Finland, state authorities do not employ58 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Finland, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited, except for an authorised work assignment96 97

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Finland, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is prohibited, except for an authorised work assignment96 97

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Finland, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 2 years prison98

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Finland are known to have99 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Finland, the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 6,33899

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Finland, it is not state policy100 99 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

European Union

As a member of the European Union, Finland is bound by the provisions of the ‘EU Firearms Directive’ – the 2007 Legislative Resolution on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons of the European Parliament101 102

European Union Export Reporting

Under the European Union Common Position on Arms Exports, Finland is bound to declare its transfers of military technology and equipment. Independent monitoring provides detailed comparisons of arms export reporting compliance across EU member states, and records that Finland has submitted one or more national reports103 on its arms transfers

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Finland voted to begin104 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed, but not yet ratified105 by Finland

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Finland committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects106

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Finland has submitted one or more national reports107 108 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Finland, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated109 108

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Finland, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated110

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Finland submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent109 108

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated108 by Finland to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Finland has not declared1 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Finland has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1955111

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists112 Finland as a Participating State
Last Updated on 24 April 2012

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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Finland.2009.‘Weapon Statistics.’ Ministry of the Interior, Police Department, Lottery and Firearms Administration.Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,23 January. (Q2049)Full Citation

4.

Finland.2010.‘Number of Licensed Gun Owners in Finland.’ Personal communication from the Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Helsinki:Firearms Administration, National Police Board of Finland,13 October. (Q2875)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Finland.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4235)Full Citation

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Finland.2010.‘Number of Registered Guns in Finland.’ Personal communication from the Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Helsinki:Firearms Administration, National Police Board of Finland,13 October. (Q2873)Full Citation

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Finland.2010.‘Rate of Private Gun Ownership in Finland.’ Personal communication from the Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Helsinki:Firearms Administration, National Police Board of Finland,13 October. (Q2874)Full Citation

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Finland.2010.‘Number of Registered Rifles in Civilian Possession.’ Personal communication from the Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Helsinki:Firearms Administration, National Police Board of Finland,13 October. (Q2876)Full Citation

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Finland.2010.‘Number of Registered Shotguns in Civilian Possession.’ Personal communication from the Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Helsinki:Firearms Administration, National Police Board of Finland,13 October. (Q2877)Full Citation

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Finland.2010.‘Number of Registered Handguns in Civilian Possession.’ Personal communication from the Unit for Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Helsinki:Firearms Administration, National Police Board of Finland,13 October. (Q2872)Full Citation

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WHO.2012.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Gun Homicide in Finland.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,14 February. (Q6072)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1297)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1302)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1298)Full Citation

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WHO.2012.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death – Unintentional Gun Deaths in Finland.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,9 March. (Q6182)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1299)Full Citation

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WHO.2011.‘Inter-country Comparison of Mortality for Selected Cause of Death.’ European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDB).Copenhagen:World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe,8 August. (Q1996)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1300)Full Citation

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Finland.1998.‘Trade Permit for Dealing in Firearms.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2002)Full Citation

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Finland.1998.‘Private Manufacturing Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2014)Full Citation

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31.

Finland.1998.‘Commercial Export Permit and Commercial Transit Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2009)Full Citation

32.

Finland.1998.‘Activities Subject to Authorisation.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2001)Full Citation

33.

Finland.1998.‘Private Transfer Licence.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Ministry of the Interior,1 March. (Q2021)Full Citation

34.

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35.

European Council.1991.‘Article 12.’ Council Directive of 18 June 1991 on Control of the Acquisition and Possession of Weapons (91/477/EEC) [current to 2008 amendments].Brussels:Council of the European Communities,18 June. (Q2415)Full Citation

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37.

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Finland.1998.‘Commercial Import Permit.’ Firearms Act (1/1998; amendments up to 804/2003 included).Helsinki:Minister of the Interior,1 March. (Q2008)Full Citation

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53.

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58.

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