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Congo (ROC) — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in the Congo (ROC) is 100,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in the Congo (ROC) is 2.72 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, the Congo (ROC) ranked at No. 1371

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 179 countries, the Congo (ROC) ranked at No. 1222

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Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in the Congo (ROC) there are estimated to be 34,0003 to 73,5004 5 6

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of the Congo (ROC) are reported to have 96,9007 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in the Congo (ROC) are reported to have 5,8088 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn the Congo (ROC), annual homicides by any means total

2007: 179
2006: 1210

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn the Congo (ROC), the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2004: 18.8011
2002: 16.20

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In the Congo (ROC), the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence, but is not conducted in practice12 13 14

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In the Congo (ROC), firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 14 15

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from the Congo (ROC) is reported to be US$800,88016 (2009)

Import Control

In the Congo (ROC), firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 17 18 15

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to the Congo (ROC) is reported to be US$2,974,08916 (2009)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in the Congo (ROC) is moderate19

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in the Congo (ROC) is reported to be US$5020

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In the Congo (ROC), the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law15

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in the Congo (ROC) include21 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in the Congo (ROC) is categorised as permissive22

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in the Congo (ROC) is the Ordinance No. 62/24 of 16 October 1962 and the Criminal Code23 15

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in the Congo (ROC) are regulated by the Government, the Minister responsible for the armed forces and the Home Office15

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Right to Possess Firearms

In the Congo (ROC), the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law24

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In the Congo (ROC), civilians are not allowed to possess weapons of war24 25 26

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In the Congo (ROC), private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited24 25 26

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In the Congo (ROC), private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence24 25 26

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Regulation of Handguns

In the Congo (ROC), private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence24 25 26

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Gun Owner Licensing

In the Congo (ROC), only licensed gun owners24 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in the Congo (ROC) are not required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm27

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in the Congo (ROC) is the legal age28

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in the Congo (ROC) must pass background checks which consider moral and criminal28 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In the Congo (ROC), third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required27

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in the Congo (ROC) does not stipulate27 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In the Congo (ROC), an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required27 for a firearm licence

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in the Congo (ROC) are permitted to possess more than one self-defence firearm28

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in the Congo (ROC) is permitted to possess up to 50 cartridges of self-defence firearm ammunition28

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In the Congo (ROC), the law does not require27 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In the Congo (ROC), State agencies are required21 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In the Congo (ROC), the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted18

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In the Congo (ROC), dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful18

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In the Congo (ROC), the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined27

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In the Congo (ROC), gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated27 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in the Congo (ROC) do not include15 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In the Congo (ROC), a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law29

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Firearm Tracing

In the Congo (ROC), state authorities carry out21 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In the Congo (ROC), state authorities do not employ27 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In the Congo (ROC), carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is prohibited, with rare exceptions30

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In the Congo (ROC), carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is prohibited, with rare exceptions30

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Gun Free Zones

In the Congo (ROC), private guns are prohibited in churches, temples, fairs, markets, public meetings, voting facilities and other gathering places30

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In the Congo (ROC), the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 5 years and a fine31

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in the Congo (ROC) are known to have32 33 34 35 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

In the Congo (ROC), the number of firearms and/or rounds of ammunition voluntarily surrendered for destruction in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be 16,0006 (2002)34, 20,5804 (2003)36, 1,308 (2007)33 and 3,85432 (2009)

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Exchanged in Gun Buyback

In the Congo (ROC), the total number of firearms exchanged for monetary or in-kind compensation during recent gun buyback and disposal programmes is reported to be 6,550 (2003)35 and 3,00037 (2009)38

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Small Arms Destroyed

In the Congo (ROC), the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 2,000 (2002-05)33, 507 (2005)39, 264 (2007)33 and 2,87338 (2009)

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In the Congo (ROC), it is state policy33 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, the Congo (ROC) adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200640

United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa

In November 2010, as a member of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC), the Congo (ROC) adopted the Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the ‘Kinshasa Convention. A legally binding multilateral treaty for which UNSAC is depository, the Kinshasa Convention has since been signed, but not yet ratified41 42 43 by the Congo (ROC)

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, the Congo (ROC) voted to begin44 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed45 by the Congo (ROC)

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, the Congo (ROC) committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects46

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, the Congo (ROC) has submitted one or more national reports47 48 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In the Congo (ROC), a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated49 48

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In the Congo (ROC), a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated48

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of the Congo (ROC) submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent48

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated48 by the Congo (ROC) to other UN Member States

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UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided48 50 to the Congo (ROC) by other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, the Congo (ROC) has not declared1 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, the Congo (ROC) has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196051

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list52 the Congo (ROC) as a Participating State
Last Updated on 25 January 2012

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

3.

IRIN (UN News). 2006. ‘Transport Problems Halt Gun-Retrieval Scheme.’ 23 November. (N226) Full Citation

4.

Biddle, Ian, Spyros Demetriou, Robert Muggah and Anna Khakee.2003.‘Making the Difference? Weapons Collection and Small Arms Availability in the Republic of Congo.’ Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q5147)Full Citation

5.

Demetriou, Spyros, Robert Muggah and Ian Biddle.2002.‘Key findings: Global Estimate of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in RoC.’ Small Arms Availability, Trade and Impacts in the Republic of Congo.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies / International Organisation for Migration / UN Development Programme,1 April. (Q5144)Full Citation

6.

Demetriou, Spyros, Robert Muggah and Ian Biddle.2002.‘Weapons Currently in Circulation.’ Small Arms Availability, Trade and Impacts in the Republic of Congo.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies / International Organisation for Migration / UN Development Programme,1 April. (Q5145)Full Citation

7.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

8.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

9.

Congo (ROC).2008.‘Recorded Offences 2007 (Infractions constatées).’ Annual Statistics for Republic of Congo 2007 (Annuaire Statistique du Congo 2007).Brazzaville:Ministère du Plan et de l'Aménagement du Territoire - Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques,1 January. (Q4526)Full Citation

10.

Congo (ROC).2008.‘Recorded Offences 2006 (Infractions constatées).’ Annual Statistics for Republic of Congo 2007 (Annuaire Statistique du Congo 2007).Brazzaville:Ministère du Plan et de l'Aménagement du Territoire - Centre National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques,1 January. (Q4525)Full Citation

11.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

12.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Articles 3 and 4.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4422)Full Citation

13.

Congo (ROC).2010.‘Measures Taken to Ensure that All SALW in the Possession of Government Armed and Security Forces for Their Own Use are Duly Marked.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3945)Full Citation

14.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Article 11.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4424)Full Citation

15.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined – Republic of the Congo.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4013)Full Citation

16.

Marsh, Nicholas.2011.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 June. (Q16)Full Citation

17.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Articles 8, 9 and 10.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4423)Full Citation

18.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Articles 13, 14 and 15.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4425)Full Citation

19.

Demetriou, Spyros, Robert Muggah and Ian Biddle.2002.‘The Environment.’ Small Arms Availability, Trade and Impacts in the Republic of Congo.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies / International Organisation for Migration / UN Development Programme,1 April. (Q5146)Full Citation

20.

World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

21.

Congo (ROC).2010.‘Measures Taken to Ensure that All SALW in the Possession of Government Armed and Security Forces for Their Own Use are Duly Marked.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3942)Full Citation

22.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

23.

Congo (ROC).2010.‘Regulations and Administrative Procedures that Ensure the Effective Implementation of the Instrument.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3946)Full Citation

24.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Articles 18 and 19.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4426)Full Citation

25.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Article 2.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4421)Full Citation

26.

Congo (ROC).2010.‘Authority – Possession (Illegally).’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3943)Full Citation

27.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Article 1.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4430)Full Citation

28.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Article 20.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4427)Full Citation

29.

Congo (ROC).2010.‘Marking.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3944)Full Citation

30.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Articles 24, 25 and 26.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4428)Full Citation

31.

Congo (ROC).1962.‘Article 28.’ Ordinance No 62-24 of October 16, 1962, Fixing the Regime on Weapons of War, Arms and Ammunition.Brazzaville:Office of the President of the Republic of Congo,16 October. (Q4429)Full Citation

32.

Congo (ROC).2010.‘Implementation of the Programme of Action.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3947)Full Citation

33.

Congo (ROC).2008.‘National Report 2008 – Implementation of the Programme of Action (Mise en Œuvre du Programme d'Action).’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 January. (Q3949)Full Citation

34.

Congo (ROC).2003.‘Collection and Disposal.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 May. (Q3950)Full Citation

35.

Congo (ROC).2003.‘Collection and Disposal.’ National Report of the Republic of Congo on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of the Republic of Congo to the United Nations,1 May. (Q3951)Full Citation

36.

Karp, Aaron.2009.‘Summary of Disarmament Outcomes in 45 DDR Programmes.’ Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,9 July. (Q2941)Full Citation

37.

IRIN (UN News). 2009. ‘Congo: Purchase of Illegal Weapons Under Way.’ 13 February. (N228) Full Citation

38.

IRIN (UN News). 2009. ‘Congo: Weapons Recovery a Success - Government.’ 4 March. (N229) Full Citation

39.

IRIN (UN News). 2006. ‘World Bank Grant to Help Disarm 30,000 Ex-Fighters.’ 4 January. (N225) Full Citation

40.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

41.

UNODA / UNREC.2010.‘Kinshasa Convention: Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly.’ United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC).Kinshasa:United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC),22 November. (Q3320)Full Citation

42.

UNDPI.2010.‘United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa Adopts Convention on Small Arms Control.’ United Nations Press Release AFR/1974 DC/3237.New York:UN Department of Public Information,12 May. (Q1940)Full Citation

43.

UNODA.2010.‘United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa adopts Convention on Small Arms Control.’ UNODA Update.New York:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,3 July. (Q5095)Full Citation

44.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

45.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

46.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

47.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

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UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

49.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

50.

IRIN (UN News). 2007. ‘Congo-Brazzaville: Japan's Grant to Help Disarm Former Combatants.’ 28 February. (N227) Full Citation

51.

UN.2009.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,11 May. (Q290)Full Citation

52.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation