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Chad — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Chad is 109,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Chad is 1.11 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Chad ranked at No. 1362

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Chad ranked at No. 1491

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Chad are reported to have 57,6653 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Chad are reported to have 13,1444 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

In Chad, annual homicides by any means total

2008: 1,6865

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Chad, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 15.85
2004: 19.006
2002: 11.60

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Chad, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only with government authorisation7 8

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Regulation of Firearm Exports

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Chad is reported to be US$22,8559 (2011)

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Regulation of Firearm Imports

In Chad, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 10 11 12 8 13

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Chad is reported to be US$09 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Chad is moderate14 15 16

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Chad, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law17 18 13 19

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Chad do not include17 18 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Chad is categorised as permissive20

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Chad includes the Judicial Decree No. 26/PG INT of 28 October 1968 governing the import, transit, sale and possession of firearms and ammunition in the Republic of Chad and the Decree No. 226 of 1 August 1969 on the modalities for applying Judicial Decree No. 26/PG/INT of 28 October 1968 governing the import, transit, sale and possession firearms and ammunition in the Republic of Chad13

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Chad are regulated by the National Commission for Disarmament, the Security Committee for the city of N'Djamena, the Prefectural Committees for security in administrative departments21, the sub-committee for security for the city of N'Djamena, the Parliament, the Home Office special delegations acting on behalf of the President of the Republic11 22, the Police and the Gendarmerie23 24 13 25

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Chad, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law12 26

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Chad, civilians are not allowed to possess weapons of war22

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Chad, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited22

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Chad, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited22

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Regulation of Handguns

In Chad, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence22

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Chad, only licensed gun owners12 26 8 22 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Chad are not required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm17 18

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Chad is undefined17 18

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Chad must pass background checks which consider criminal27 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Chad, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required17 18

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Chad does not stipulate17 18 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Chad, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is not required17 18 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Chad gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every 1 year26

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Chad are permitted to possess no more than 2 hunting firearms, with the option for 1 additional rifle for those licensed to hunt big game. There is no limit for non-rifled firearms as part of a decorative collection28

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Chad is permitted to possess up to 75 cartridges for sophisticated rifled firearms, 150 smoothbore cartridges, 200 cartridges for non-rifled firearms for decorative use, 100 airgun pellets, and 25 bullets for handguns, pistols and revolvers29

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Chad, the law requires30 31 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Chad, licensed firearm dealers are required21 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Chad, licensed gun makers are required21 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Chad, State agencies are required30 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Chad, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted22 32 8

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Chad, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is not unlawful32 8 22

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Chad, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined17 18

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Chad, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated32 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Chad include33 8 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Chad include33 8 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Chad do not include34 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Chad do not include17 18 19 13 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Chad, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is not required by law17 18

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Firearm Tracing

In Chad, state authorities do not carry out17 18 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Chad, state authorities do not employ17 18 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Chad, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit26 12 22

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Chad, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit26 12 22

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Chad, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 6 months to 5 years prison and a fine of 150,000 to 1,000,000 francs8

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Chad are known to have15 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Chad, it is not state policy35 36 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

African Union

In June 2006, as a member of the African Union, Chad adopted an African Common Position to take to the Conference to Review the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA), held in June 200637 38

United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa

In November 2010, as a member of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC), Chad adopted the Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the ‘Kinshasa Convention. A legally binding multilateral treaty for which UNSAC is depository, the Kinshasa Convention has since been signed, but not yet ratified39 40 41 by Chad

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Chad was absent from voting on42 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has not been signed43 by Chad

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Chad committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects44

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Chad has submitted one or more national reports45 46 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Chad, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated47 46

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Chad, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated47

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated46 by Chad to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Chad has not declared2 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Chad has been a Member State of the United Nations since 196048

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list49 Chad as a Participating State

Short References

1.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

2.

Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

4.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

5.

UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Chad.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6405)Full Citation

6.

Petrini, Benjamin.2011.‘Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2008, Total Recorded Intentional Homicide, Completed, Rate per 100,000 Population.’ World Bank Homicide Rate Dataset 1995-2008.Washington DC:Social Development Department, World Bank,10 February. (Q3812)Full Citation

7.

Chad.1968.‘Article 4.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4115)Full Citation

8.

Chad.1968.‘Article 11.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4119)Full Citation

9.

Marsh, Nicholas.2013.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,14 February. (Q16)Full Citation

10.

Chad.1968.‘Article 1.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4112)Full Citation

11.

Chad.1968.‘Article 2.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4122)Full Citation

12.

Chad.1968.‘Article 5.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4116)Full Citation

13.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Comparison of the Main Regulatory Aspects Examined – Chad.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q4005)Full Citation

14.

Chad.2003.‘Brief historical overview of the rise of the proliferation and illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons in Chad.’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q4330)Full Citation

15.

Chad.2003.‘Status and factors facilitating movements of illicit small arms and light weapons in Chad.’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q4331)Full Citation

16.

AEFJN.2010.‘Countries that Send Arms to Embargoed Territories.’ Arms Exports and Transfers: From Sub-Saharan Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Africa Europe Faith and Justice Network,1 December. (Q5101)Full Citation

17.

Chad.1968.‘Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance of October 28, 1968.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4316)Full Citation

18.

Chad.1968.‘Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969 (Décret n°226 du 1er août 1969).’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4326)Full Citation

19.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Transactions and Activities Covered – Imports, Exports, Transit and Brokering.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5013)Full Citation

20.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

21.

Chad.1968.‘Article 3.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4123)Full Citation

22.

Chad.1968.‘Article 5.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4124)Full Citation

23.

Chad.2003.‘Framework of Actions (Cadres d'actions).’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q3843)Full Citation

24.

Chad.2003.‘Legal and Regulatory Framework (Cadre légal et réglementaire).’ National Report of Chad on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Chad to the United Nations,16 July. (Q3844)Full Citation

25.

Chad.1968.‘Article 10.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4118)Full Citation

26.

Chad.1968.‘Article 6.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4117)Full Citation

27.

Chad.1968.‘Article 6.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4125)Full Citation

28.

Chad.1968.‘Article 7.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4126)Full Citation

29.

Chad.1968.‘Article 23.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4128)Full Citation

30.

Chad.1968.‘Article 12.’ Decree No 226 of August 1, 1969, Implementing the Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4127)Full Citation

31.

Abdulai, Napoleon.2002.‘Small Arms in Chad.’ IANSA News, Dec 2002.London:International Action Network on Small Arms / IANSA,1 December. (Q5118)Full Citation

32.

Chad.1968.‘Article 3.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4114)Full Citation

33.

Chad.1968.‘Article 2.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4113)Full Citation

34.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Analysis of National Arms Transfer Control Systems – Arms Categories Covered.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5012)Full Citation

35.

Chad.1968.‘Article 12.’ Ordinance No 26/PG-INT of October 28, 1968, Regulating Import, Transport, Sale, and Possession of Firearms and Ammunition in the Republic of Chad.N'djamena:Government of the Republic of Chad,28 October. (Q4121)Full Citation

36.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Africa and Arms Transfers – Stockpiles.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5010)Full Citation

37.

African Union / UNODA.2005.‘Windhoek Common Position.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:African Union / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 December. (Q3216)Full Citation

38.

Moreau, Virginie, Cédric Poitevin and Jihan Seniora.2010.‘Analysis of National Arms Transfer Control Systems – Outmoded and Incomplete Regulation.’ Arms Transfer Controls: The Example of French-Speaking States in Sub-Saharan Africa.Brussels:Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP),1 May. (Q5011)Full Citation

39.

UNODA / UNREC.2010.‘Kinshasa Convention: Central Africa Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, their Ammunition, Parts and Components that can be used for their Manufacture, Repair and Assembly.’ United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa (UNREC).Kinshasa:United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa (UNSAC),22 November. (Q3320)Full Citation

40.

UNDPI.2010.‘United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa Adopts Convention on Small Arms Control.’ United Nations Press Release AFR/1974 DC/3237.New York:UN Department of Public Information,12 May. (Q1940)Full Citation

41.

UNODA.2010.‘United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa adopts Convention on Small Arms Control.’ UNODA Update.New York:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,3 July. (Q5095)Full Citation

42.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

43.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

44.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

45.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

46.

UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

47.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

48.

UN.2013.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,7 April. (Q290)Full Citation

49.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation