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Canada — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Canada is 9,950,0001

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Canada is 23.82 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Canada ranked at No. 121

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 179 countries, Canada ranked at No. 133

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Canada is reported to be 1,830,5424

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Canada is 5.425 per 100 people

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Canada is reported to be 7,514,3856

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Canada is 22.265

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Number of Privately Owned Rifles

In Canada, the number of rifles in civilian possession is reported to be 3,500,0007

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Number of Privately Owned Shotguns

In Canada, the number of shotguns in civilian possession is reported to be 2,600,0007

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Number of Privately Owned Handguns

There are reportedly 1,100,0007 handguns in civilian possession in Canada

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Canada are reported to have 233,9498 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Canada are reported to have 124,2709 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Canada, annual homicides by any means total

2008: 61110
2007: 594
2006: 606
2005: 663
2004: 624
2003: 549
2002: 582
2001: 553
2000: 546
1999: 538
1998: 558
1997: 586
1996: 635
1995: 588
1994: 596
1993: 627
1992: 732
1991: 754
1990: 660
1989: 657
1988: 576
1987: 644

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Canada, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2008: 1.8311
2007: 1.80
2006: 1.86
2005: 2.06
2004: 1.95
2003: 1.74
2002: 1.86
2001: 1.78
2000: 1.78
1999: 1.77
1998: 1.85
1997: 1.96
1996: 2.14
1995: 2.01
1994: 2.06
1993: 2.19
1992: 2.58
1991: 2.69
1990: 2.38
1989: 2.41
1988: 2.15
1987: 2.43

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Number of Gun Homicides

ChartIn Canada, annual firearm homicides total

2008: 20012
2007: 188
2006: 190
2005: 223
2004: 173
2003: 161
2002: 152
2001: 171
2000: 184
1999: 165
1998: 151
1997: 18613
1996: 207
1995: 168

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Canada, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2009: 0.5314
2008: 0.605
2007: 0.5615
2006: 0.5816
2005: 0.69
2004: 0.5517
2003: 0.51
2002: 0.4618
2001: 0.54
2000: 0.595
1999: 0.5419
1998: 0.50
1997: 0.6113
1996: 0.69
1995: 0.57
1992: 0.7620

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Number of Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Canada, annual suicides by any means total

2007: 3,61121
2006: 3,51222
2005: 3,743
2004: 3,613
2003: 3,765
2002: 3,650
2001: 3,69221
2000: 3,606
1999: 4,07423

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Canada, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2007: 11.0021
2006: 10.80
2005: 11.60
2004: 11.30
2003: 11.90
2002: 11.60
2001: 11.90
2000: 11.70
1999: 12.9323
1992: 13.1924

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Number of Gun Suicides

ChartIn Canada, annual firearm suicides total

2006: 58625
2005: 593
2004: 568
2003: 618
2002: 633
2001: 651
2000: 685

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Canada, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2006: 1.795
2001: 2.0723
1992: 3.7226

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Number of Unintentional Gun Deaths

In Canada, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2001: 2823

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Canada, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2001: 0.0823
1992: 0.2227

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

ChartIn Canada, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2006: 525
2005: 6
2004: 3
2003: 7
2002: 11
2001: 10
2000: 9

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Canada, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2006: 0.015
1992: 0.0728

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In Canada, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence29 30

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Canada is ranked 'small'31

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In Canada, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 32 33

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Canada is reported to be US$90,237,69034 (2009)35 36

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Canada is categorized as 'mid-level'37 36

Import Control

In Canada, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 32 38 33

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Canada is reported to be US$154,645,49334 (2009)39

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Canada is moderate40 41

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in Canada is reported to be US$88042

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Canada, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law43 44 45 46

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Canada include33 47 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

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Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

In the most recent survey of state transparency when declaring firearm and ammunition exports, Canada was ranked number 22 among 49 major small arms exporting nations in 2011, with a score of 11.75 points of a possible total of 2548

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Canada is categorised as restrictive49

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Canada is the Firearms Act, Criminal Code, Export and Import Permits Act, United Nations Act and the Defence Production Act50 51

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Canada are regulated by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Justice51, Chief Firearms Officers30 52, and the Firearms Registrar53

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Canada, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law52

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Canada, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms, except those registered before 197854, handguns with a barrel of 105mm or less in length, and specifically modified handguns, rifles or shotguns55

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Canada, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited, except those registered before 197854 55

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Canada, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is prohibited with only narrow exemptions56 54 55

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Regulation of Handguns

In Canada, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted, with an authorization to carry54 55 57 58

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Canada, only licensed gun owners52 50 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Canada are not required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm except when the licence concerns prohibited54 and restricted56 57 firearms

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Canada is 18 years or 12 years, with limitations59 60

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Canada must pass background checks which consider criminal, mental, addiction and domestic violence52 61 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Canada, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are required61 62

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Partner to be Advised or Interviewed

In Canada, licensing authorities are required61 62 to conduct interviews with, or to advise an applicant's spouse, partner, or next of kin before issuing a gun licence

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Canada stipulates52 63 64 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Canada, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required65 66 67 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Canada gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every 5 years68 69

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Licensing Records

In Canada, authorities maintain a record53 67 70 71 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Canada are permitted to possess any number of firearms43 44 45 46

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Canada is permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition43 44 45 46

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Canada, the law requires53 67 70 71 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Canada, licensed firearm dealers are required72 53 71 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Canada, licensed gun makers are required53 73 74 71 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Canada, State agencies are required67 70 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Background Checks for Private Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm in a private sale in Canada is obliged72 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Background Checks on Dealer Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm from a licensed gun dealer in Canada is obliged72 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Canada, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted72

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Canada, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful30

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Canada, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is 28 days on first application for a licence, but none for subsequent acquisitions75 72

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Canada, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated76 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Canada include77 78 79 80 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Canada include81 82 83 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Canada include77 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Canada include84 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Canada, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law73 85 86 74

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Firearm Tracing

In Canada, state authorities carry out87 73 74 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Canada, state authorities employ74 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Canada, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit88 57 58

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Canada, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit88 57 58

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Canada, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 5 to 10 years of prison term89

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Canada are not known to have implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Canada, it is state policy90 91 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Organization of American States

On 14 November 1997, as a member of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Canada adopted the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA), a legally binding multilateral treaty of which the OAS is depository. The CIFTA Convention has since been signed, but not yet ratified92 93 by Canada

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

At the resumption of the most recent session of the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (UNCCPCJ), a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, Canada was listed as an elected member for a three-year term of office94

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Canada voted to begin95 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed, but not yet ratified96 by Canada

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Canada committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects97

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Canada has submitted one or more national reports98 99 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Canada, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated100 99

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Canada, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated100

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Canada submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent100 99

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated99 by Canada to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Canada has declared1 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Canada has been a Member State of the United Nations since 1945101

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies lists102 Canada as a Participating State
Last Updated on 28 February 2012

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