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Brazil — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms

The estimated total number of guns held by civilians in Brazil is 14,800,0001 to 17,600,0002

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Rate of Civilian Firearm Possession per 100 Population

The rate of private gun ownership in Brazil is 8.01 firearms per 100 people

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Number of Privately Owned Firearms - World Ranking

In a comparison of the number of privately owned guns in 178 countries, Brazil ranked at No. 83

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Rate of Privately Owned Firearms per 100 Population - World Ranking

In a comparison of the rate of private gun ownership in 178 countries, Brazil ranked at No. 751

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Number of Licensed Firearm Owners

The number of licensed gun owners in Brazil is reported to be 1,300,0004

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Rate of Licensed Firearm Owners per 100 Population

The rate of licensed firearm owners in Brazil is 0.755 per 100 people

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Brazil is reported to be 5,200,0003 6 to 5,370,5007

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Brazil is 3.095

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Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in Brazil there are estimated to be 3,800,0008 6 to 9,499,8479

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Estimated Rate of Illicit Firearms per 100 Population

Unlawfully held guns cannot be counted, but in Brazil there are estimated to be 4.725 illicit firearms per 100 people

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Brazil are reported to have 1,300,00010 6 to 2,000,00011 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Brazil are reported to have 803,20012 13 14 firearms

ImpactsDeath and Injury

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Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Brazil, annual homicides by any means total

2009: 43,90915 16
2008: 57,271
2007: 55,611
2006: 58,643
2005: 54,308
2004: 57,185
2003: 60,121
2002: 57,910
2001: 55,539
2000: 51,804
1999: 52,26915
1998: 49,976
1997: 47,891
1996: 44,372
1995: 41,595

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Brazil, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2009: 22.715 16
2008: 29.9
2007: 29.3
2006: 31.2
2005: 29.2
2004: 31.1
2003: 33.1
2002: 32.3
2001: 31.4
2000: 29.7
1999: 30.415
1998: 29.5
1997: 28.7
1996: 27.0
1995: 25.7
1993: 19.0417

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Gun Homicides

ChartIn Brazil, annual firearm homicides total

2008: 34,67815
2007: 34,147
2006: 34,921
2005: 33,419
2004: 34,187
2002: 34,08518
2000: 30,85519

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Brazil, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2008: 18.115 16
2007: 18.0
2006: 18.6
2005: 18.015
2004: 18.6
2002: 21.7018
1993: 10.5820

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Suicides (any method)

ChartIn Brazil, annual suicides by any means total

2006: 49,64121
2005: 48,107
2004: 48,884
2003: 51,510
2002: 49,763
2001: 47,980
2000: 45,401
1998: 6,98522

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Brazil, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2006: 4.6021
2005: 4.60
2004: 4.40
2003: 4.40
2002: 4.40
2001: 4.50
2000: 4.00
1998: 3.9122
1993: 3.4623

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Gun Suicides

In Brazil, annual firearm suicides total

2000: 1,32822

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Rate of Gun Suicide per 100,000 People

ChartIn Brazil, the annual rate of firearm suicide per 100,000 population is

2000: 0.7422
1993: 0.7324

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Unintentional Gun Deaths

In Brazil, annual unintentional shooting deaths total

2000: 32922

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Rate of Unintentional Gun Death per 100,000 People

ChartIn Brazil, the annual rate of unintentional shooting death per 100,000 population is

2000: 0.1822
1993: 0.2825

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Gun Deaths from Undetermined Cause

In Brazil, annual shooting deaths in which the cause remains undecided total

2000: 1122

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Rate of Gun Death from Undetermined Cause per 100,000 People

ChartIn Brazil, the annual rate of unknown-cause shooting deaths per 100,000 population is

2000: 0.0122
1993: 2.5626

ProductionGun Industry

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Regulation of Firearm Makers

In Brazil, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is permitted only if the maker holds a valid licence27

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Small Arms Manufacture - World Ranking

In a classification of the world's small, medium and major firearm manufacturers, Brazil is ranked 'medium'28 29

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

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Regulation of Firearm Exports

In Brazil, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 30 31 32

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Small Arms Exports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Brazil is reported to be US$284,590,75433 (2011)34 35

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Small Arms Exports - World Ranking

In a comparison of the world's major/mid-level/minor/unknown small arms exporters, Brazil is categorized as 'major'36 35

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Regulation of Firearm Imports

In Brazil, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 31 32

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Small Arms Imports (US$) - Customs

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Brazil is reported to be US$14,291,31833 (2011)

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Smuggling Guns and Ammunition

Reports suggest that the level of firearm and ammunition smuggling in Brazil is high37 38

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in Brazil is reported to be US$2,40039

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Brazil, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are not specifically regulated by law40 41

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Brazil include30 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

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Transparency of Small Arms Transfers

In the most recent survey of state transparency when declaring firearm and ammunition exports, Brazil was ranked number 38 among 49 major small arms exporting nations in 2011, with a score of 8.50 points of a possible total of 2542

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Brazil is categorised as restrictive43

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Brazil includes the Statute of Disarmament44 31

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Brazil are regulated by the National Arms Registry45

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Brazil, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law46

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Brazil, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms and imitation firearms47

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Brazil, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited48 49

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Brazil, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence46 48

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Regulation of Handguns

In Brazil, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence49

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Brazil, only licensed gun owners50 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Brazil are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, target shooting, personal protection, security51 52 53

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Brazil is 25 years, with a few exceptions54 55

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Brazil must pass background checks which consider criminal, mental and employment56 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Brazil, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required46

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Brazil does not stipulate46 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Brazil, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required56 for a firearm licence

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Gun Owner Licensing Period

In Brazil gun owners must re-apply and re-qualify for their firearm licence every 3 years50

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Licensing Records

In Brazil, authorities maintain a record48 57 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Brazil are permitted to possess any number of firearms46

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Brazil is permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition46

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Brazil, the law requires58 59 48 57 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Brazil, licensed firearm dealers are required27 57 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Brazil, licensed gun makers are required57 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

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State-Owned Firearm Records

In Brazil, State agencies are required58 59 to maintain records of the storage and movement of all firearms and ammunition under their control

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Background Checks for Private Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm in a private sale in Brazil is not obliged46 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Background Checks on Dealer Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm from a licensed gun dealer in Brazil is not obliged46 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Brazil, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted46

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Brazil, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful60 59

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Limit on Gun Dealer Sales

In Brazil, the number and type of firearms which can be sold by a licensed gun dealer to a single gun owner is limited to 3 firearms (1 handgun, 1 rifle, 1 shotgun) every two years, for retired military officials and non-commissioned officers61

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Brazil, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is 30 business days56

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Brazil, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are not regulated46 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Brazil include62 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Brazil do not include46 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Brazil do not include46 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Brazil include4 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Brazil, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law63 32 64 65

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Firearm Tracing

In Brazil, state authorities carry out66 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Brazil, state authorities do not employ46 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Brazil, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit53 67

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Brazil, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit53 67

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Gun Free Zones

In Brazil, private guns are prohibited in sports arenas, churches, government buildings and schools68

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Penalty for Illicit Firearm Possession

In Brazil, the maximum penalty for illicit possession of firearms is 1 to 3 years prison and a fine69

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Brazil are known to have70 71 72 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Surrendered in Gun Amnesty

In Brazil, the number of firearms and/or rounds of ammunition voluntarily surrendered for destruction in recent arms amnesty and collection programmes is reported to be 187,80370 (2004-05)

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Brazil, the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 10,00072 (2002), 253,32170 (2004-05)

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Brazil, it is state policy70 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Organization of American States

On 14 November 1997, as a member of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Brazil adopted the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA), a legally binding multilateral treaty of which the OAS is depository. The CIFTA Convention has since been signed and ratified73 74 by Brazil

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

At the resumption of the most recent session of the UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (UNCCPCJ), a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social Council mandated to promote action to prevent national and transnational crime, Brazil was listed as an elected member for a three-year term of office75

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Brazil voted to begin76 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified77 by Brazil

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Brazil committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects78

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Brazil has submitted one or more national reports79 41 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Brazil, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated80 41

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UNPoA National Coordinating Body

In Brazil, a National Coordinating Body to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated80 41

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UNPoA Civil Society Involvement and Support

In National Reports of Brazil submitted to the UN, a history of substantive cooperation with civil society in support of UNPoA activities is apparent80

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been donated41 by Brazil to other UN Member States

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UNPoA International Assistance – Recipient

Funds for UNPoA implementation have been provided41 to Brazil by other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Brazil has not declared81 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Brazil has been a Member State of the United Nations since 194582

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list83 Brazil as a Participating State

Short References

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q5)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, Benjamin Lessing, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento and Júlio Cesar Purcena.2010.‘Executive Summary.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings.Geneva:Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 September. (Q3365)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q4)Full Citation

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United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

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GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Brazil.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,17 March. (Q4211)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2009.‘Estimated Total Small Arms, Firearms, and Surpluses in Brazil, Rounded.’ Surplus Arms in South America: A Survey.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 August. (Q5300)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento.2010.‘Distribution of Small Arms Holdings per Group.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings.Geneva:Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 September. (Q3382)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento and Luis Eduardo Guedes.2008.‘Small Arms-Related Violence in Brazil: Victims and Weapons.’ Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro: The Guns, the Buyback, and the Victims.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q2091)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento.2010.‘Informal and Criminal Holdings.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings.Geneva:Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 September. (Q3376)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento.2010.‘Holdings: Estimated Current Armed Forces' Small Arms and Light Weapons Requirements.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings.Geneva:Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 September. (Q3378)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

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Karp, Aaron.2012.‘Table 1 - Estimated Law Enforcement Firearms in 20 Selected Countries.’ Armed Actors - Estimating Law Enforcement Firearms.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q6544)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento.2010.‘Public Security Agencies (Law Enforcement) and Criminal Justice: Strength and Holdings.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings.Geneva:Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 September. (Q3379)Full Citation

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Dreyfus, Pablo, and Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento.2010.‘Public Security Agencies and Criminal Justice.’ Small Arms in Brazil: Production, Trade, and Holdings.Geneva:Viva Rio, ISER, and the Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 September. (Q3380)Full Citation

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UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Brazil.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6339)Full Citation

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OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Intentional Homicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5678)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1301)Full Citation

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Cukier, Wendy and Victor W Sidel.2006.‘The Firearm Epidemic: Regional variations: North America and the Caribbean.’ The Global Gun Epidemic: From Saturday Night Specials to AK-47s.Westport, CT:Praeger Security International,1 January. (Q2085)Full Citation

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Jackson, Thomas, Nicholas Marsh, Taylor Owen and Ann Thurin.2005.‘Who Takes the Bullet? The impact of small arms violence.’ Norwegian Church Aid: Understanding the Issues.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers / NISAT / PRIO,1 March. (Q2084)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1297)Full Citation

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OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Suicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5680)Full Citation

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Jackson, Thomas.2005.‘Global Gun Deaths.’ NISAT Firearm Mortality Database 2005.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 January. (Q12)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1302)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1298)Full Citation

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Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1299)Full Citation

26.

Krug, E G, K E Powell and L L Dahlberg.1998.‘Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.’ International Journal of Epidemiology.Atlanta:National Centre for Injury Prevention & Control, Centres for Disease Control & Prevention / CDC,16 April. (Q1300)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘The National Weapon System.’ The Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1892)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘Ranking of World's Small Arms Producers (By Sales).’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q103)Full Citation

29.

Dreyfus, Pablo, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento and Luis Eduardo Guedes.2008.‘Small Arms-Related Violence in Brazil: Victims and Weapons.’ Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro: The Guns, the Buyback, and the Victims.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 December. (Q2087)Full Citation

30.

Brazil.2008.‘Legislation - Export Controls.’ National Report of Brazil on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations,14 July. (Q1660)Full Citation

31.

Brazil.2008.‘Legislation.’ National Report of Brazil on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations,14 July. (Q1659)Full Citation

32.

Brazil.2008.‘Weapons - Marking.’ National Report of Brazil on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations,14 July. (Q1657)Full Citation

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Marsh, Nicholas.2013.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,14 February. (Q16)Full Citation

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Berman, Eric.2011.‘Small Arms Transfers: Exporting States.’ Weapons and Markets.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,25 October. (Q5982)Full Citation

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Herron, Patrick, Jasna Lazarevic, Nic Marsh and Matt Schroeder.2011.‘Top Exporters and Importers of Small Arms in 2008.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5983)Full Citation

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Small Arms Survey.2001.‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q867)Full Citation

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Brazil.2005.‘Combating Groups and Individuals Engaged in Illicit Activities.’ National Report of Brazil on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York:Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations,11 July. (Q1720)Full Citation

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Bandeira, Antonio Rangel.2006.‘Parliamentary Commission of Investigation (CPI) Denounces the Deviation of Arms in Brazil.’ Viva Rio media release.Brasilia:Viva Rio,29 November. (Q2090)Full Citation

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World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

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IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q82)Full Citation

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UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

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Lazarevic, Jasna.2011.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2011, covering major exporters.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5354)Full Citation

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Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘Provisions.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1478)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘The National Weapon System.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1490)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘Statute of Disarmament.’ The Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q4071)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘General Provisions – Imitation Firearms.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1488)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5362)Full Citation

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Parker, Sarah.2011.‘Balancing Act: Regulation of Civilian Firearm Possession.’ Small Arms Survey 2011: States of Security.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,6 July. (Q5360)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘Registration – Licensing.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1481)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘Right to Carry – Hunting.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1482)Full Citation

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Brazil.2003.‘Right to Carry – Sports Shooting.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1483)Full Citation

53.

Brazil.2003.‘Right to Carry – Self-Defence.’ Statute of Disarmament Law No. 10,826/03, Final Wording of the Alternative Bill of the House of Representatives for Bill of Law No. 292 of 1999 of the Senate.Brasilia:House of Representatives,1 December. (Q1484)Full Citation

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