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Antigua & Barbuda — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law

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StockpilesGun Numbers

Civilian Guns

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Number of Registered Firearms

The number of registered guns in Antigua & Barbuda is reported to be 1,4491

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Rate of Registered Firearms per 100 Population

The rate of registered firearms per 100 people in Antigua & Barbuda is 1.671 2

Government Guns

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Number of Military Firearms

The defence forces of Antigua & Barbuda are reported to have 3403 firearms

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Number of Law Enforcement Firearms

Police in Antigua & Barbuda are reported to have 2454 firearms

ImpactsGun Death and Injury

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Number of Homicides (any method)

ChartIn Antigua & Barbuda, annual homicides by any means total

2010: 71
2008: 165
2007: 17
2006: 11
2005: 3
2004: 4
2003: 5
2002: 5
2001: 7
2000: 5

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Rate of Homicide per 100,000 People (any method)

ChartIn Antigua & Barbuda, the annual rate of homicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2010: 8.071 2
2009: 18.26
2008: 18.395
2007: 19.86
2006: 12.94
2005: 3.6
2004: 4.88
2003: 6.17
2002: 6.25
2001: 8.86
2000: 5.2
1995: 10.6

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Number of Gun Homicides

In Antigua & Barbuda, annual firearm homicides total

2010: 31

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Rate of Gun Homicide per 100,000 People

In Antigua & Barbuda, the annual rate of firearm homicide per 100,000 population is

2010: 3.461 2

Number of Suicides (any method)

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Rate of Suicide per 100,000 People (any method)

In Antigua & Barbuda, the annual rate of suicide by any means per 100,000 population is

2004: 2.907

ProductionGun Industry

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Firearm Manufacture

In Antigua & Barbuda, the manufacture of small arms, ammunition and/or their components is prohibited8 9 10

TransfersGun Trade and Trafficking

Export Control

In Antigua & Barbuda, firearm and ammunition exports are limited by transfer control law 11 12 13 14 15

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Small Arms Exports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition exports from Antigua & Barbuda is reported to be US$4,92416 (2007)

Import Control

In Antigua & Barbuda, firearm and ammunition imports are limited by transfer control law 17 11 12 13 18 14

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Small Arms Imports (US$)

The annual value of small arms and ammunition imports to Antigua & Barbuda is reported to be US$94,11216 (2009)

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Market Cost of an AK-47 Assault Rifle (US$)

The asking price for an AK-47 pattern assault weapon in Antigua & Barbuda is reported to be US$60919

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Regulation of Arms Brokers

In Antigua & Barbuda, the activities of arms brokers and transfer intermediaries are specifically regulated by law15

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End User Certificates

Customs regulations in Antigua & Barbuda include13 certification of the intended end user of any small arms or ammunition transfer, and/or a written declaration of its intended end use

MeasuresGun Regulation

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Firearm Regulation - Guiding Policy

The regulation of guns in Antigua & Barbuda is categorised as restrictive20

Firearm Law

Guiding gun control legislation in Antigua & Barbuda is the Firearms Act of 1973,21 and Law No.20.42922

Firearm Regulation Authority

Guns in Antigua & Barbuda are regulated by the Commissioner of Police and the Governor-General17 23 24 25 26

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Right to Possess Firearms

In Antigua & Barbuda, the right to private gun ownership is not guaranteed by law27

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Prohibited Firearms and Ammunition

In Antigua & Barbuda, civilians are not allowed to possess automatic firearms21 28 17 1

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Regulation of Automatic Assault Weapons

In Antigua & Barbuda, private possession of fully automatic weapons is prohibited17 1

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Regulation of Semiautomatic Assault Weapons

In Antigua & Barbuda, private possession of semi-automatic assault weapons is permitted under licence21 28 17 27

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Regulation of Handguns

In Antigua & Barbuda, private possession of handguns (pistols and revolvers) is permitted under licence21 28 17 27

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Gun Owner Licensing

In Antigua & Barbuda, only licensed gun owners28 26 17 23 may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Genuine Reason Required for Firearm Licence

Applicants for a gun owner’s licence in Antigua & Barbuda are required to prove genuine reason to possess a firearm, for example, hunting, animal control, self-defence25 17

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Minimum Age for Firearm Possession

The minimum age for gun ownership in Antigua & Barbuda is 18 years29

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Gun Owner Background Checks

An applicant for a firearm licence in Antigua & Barbuda must pass background checks which consider criminal, mental and addiction17 23 21 records

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Reference Required for Firearm Licence

In Antigua & Barbuda, third party character references for each gun licence applicant are not required27

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Domestic Violence and Firearms

Where a past history, or apprehended likelihood of family violence exists, the law in Antigua & Barbuda does not stipulate27 that a gun licence should be denied or revoked

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Firearm Safety Training

In Antigua & Barbuda, an understanding of firearm safety and the law, tested in a theoretical and/or practical training course is required17 for a firearm licence

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Licensing Records

In Antigua & Barbuda, authorities maintain a record30 of individual civilians licensed to acquire, possess, sell or transfer a firearm or ammunition

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Limit on Number of Guns

Licensed firearm owners in Antigua & Barbuda are permitted to possess any number of firearms27

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Limit on Quantity, Type of Ammunition

A licensed firearm owner in Antigua & Barbuda is permitted to possess any quantity of ammunition27

Firearm Registration

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Civilian Gun Registration

In Antigua & Barbuda, the law does not require27 that a record of the acquisition, possession and transfer of each privately held firearm be retained in an official register

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Gun Dealer Record Keeping

In Antigua & Barbuda, licensed firearm dealers are required31 10 14 30 to keep a record of each firearm or ammunition purchase, sale or transfer on behalf of a regulating authority

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Gun Manufacturer Record Keeping

In Antigua & Barbuda, licensed gun makers are required30 to keep a record of each firearm produced, for inspection by a regulating authority

Gun Sales and Transfers

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Background Checks for Private Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm in a private sale in Antigua & Barbuda is not obliged27 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Background Checks on Dealer Gun Sales

The buyer of a firearm from a licensed gun dealer in Antigua & Barbuda is obliged29 to pass official background checks before taking possession

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Regulation of Private Gun Sales

In Antigua & Barbuda, the private sale and transfer of firearms is permitted32 29 23

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Regulation of Dealer Gun Sales

In Antigua & Barbuda, dealing in firearms by way of business without a valid gun dealer’s licence is unlawful32 29 23 13 15

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Waiting Period for Gun Possession

In Antigua & Barbuda, the minimum wait for a lawful firearm purchase to be completed is undetermined27

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Regulation of Gun Shows

In Antigua & Barbuda, gun shows and temporary firearm dealing events are regulated32 in law

Storage and Transport of Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Private

Firearm regulations in Antigua & Barbuda do not include27 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of private firearms and ammunition by licensed gun owners

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Dealer

Firearm regulations in Antigua & Barbuda do not include27 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by licensed arms dealers

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Firearm and Ammunition Storage Regulations - Government

Government regulations in Antigua & Barbuda include33 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition by state entities

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Firearm and Ammunition Transport Regulations

Regulations in Antigua & Barbuda include12 written specifications for the lawful safe storage of firearms and ammunition while in transit

Marking and Tracing Guns and Ammunition

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Firearm Marking

In Antigua & Barbuda, a unique identifying mark on each firearm is required by law34 10 18 30

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Firearm Tracing

In Antigua & Barbuda, state authorities carry out35 36 recognised arms tracing and tracking procedures

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Ballistic Marking of Firearms and Ammunition

In Antigua & Barbuda, state authorities do not employ27 ballistic fingerprinting technology to trace guns and ammunition

Carrying Guns

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Carrying Guns Openly in Public

In Antigua & Barbuda, carrying a firearm in plain view in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit37

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Carrying Hidden Handguns in Public

In Antigua & Barbuda, carrying a concealed firearm in a public place is allowed, subject to a valid permit37 25

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Collection, Amnesty and Destruction Programmes

Authorities in Antigua & Barbuda are known to have38 implemented voluntary firearm surrender schemes, and/or weapon seizure programmes in order to reduce the number of illicit firearms in circulation

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Small Arms Destroyed

In Antigua & Barbuda, the total number of firearms destroyed following recent amnesty, collection and seizure programmes is reported to be 34238 (2006-2009)

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Destruction and Disposal Policy

In Antigua & Barbuda, it is state policy33 39 38 to destroy surplus, collected and seized firearms rather than return them to the secondary arms market

MeasuresInternational Controls

Regional Agreements

Organization of American States

On 14 November 1997, as a member of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Antigua & Barbuda adopted the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA), a legally binding multilateral treaty of which the OAS is depository. The CIFTA Convention has since been signed and ratified40 41 by Antigua & Barbuda

United Nations Arms Trade Treaty

In 2009, Antigua & Barbuda voted to begin42 negotiations towards a legally binding Arms Trade Treaty. In this vote, 151 UN Member States supported talks on an ATT, with 1 voting against, 20 abstentions, and 20 non-votes

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United Nations Firearms Protocol

The United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition has been signed and ratified43 by Antigua & Barbuda

United Nations Small Arms Programme of Action UNPoA

UNPoA Commitment

On 21 July 2001, Antigua & Barbuda committed to a consensus decision of the United Nations to adopt, support and implement the UN Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects44

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UNPoA National Reporting

Under the terms of its 2001 commitment to the United Nations small arms Programme of Action, Antigua & Barbuda has submitted one or more national reports45 46 on its implementation of the UNPoA

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UNPoA National Point of Contact

In Antigua & Barbuda, a National Point of Contact to deal with issues relating to the UNPoA has been designated47 46

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UNPoA International Assistance – Donor

Funds for UNPoA implementation have not been donated46 by Antigua & Barbuda to other UN Member States

United Nations Small Arms Register

According to the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Antigua & Barbuda has not declared48 its small arms exports in one or more annual National Reports on Arms Exports.

United Nations Membership

In the UN List of Member States, Antigua & Barbuda has been a Member State of the United Nations since 198149

Wassenaar Arrangement

The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies does not list50 Antigua & Barbuda as a Participating State
Last Updated on 9 May 2012

Short References

1.

Christian, Henry.2011.‘Possession and Homicide Data 2010.’ Royal Police Force Headquarters of Antigua and Barbuda.St John's:Office of Deputy Commissioner of Police Operations,5 April. (Q4352)Full Citation

2.

GunPolicy.org.2011.‘Calculated Rates – Antigua and Barbuda.’ Historical Population Data – USCB International Data Base.Suitland, MD:US Census Bureau Population Division,1 April. (Q4353)Full Citation

3.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q6)Full Citation

4.

Karp, Aaron.2006.‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles.’ Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q7)Full Citation

5.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Intentional Homicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5678)Full Citation

6.

UNODC.2011.‘Homicide in 207 Countries - Antigua and Barbuda.’ Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data.Vienna:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,6 October. (Q6232)Full Citation

7.

OAS Observatory on Citizen Security.2011.‘Suicide.’ Report on Citizen Security in the Americas 2011.Washington, DC:Organisation of American States,1 January. (Q5680)Full Citation

8.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Prohibition on Manufacture of Firearm or Ammunition.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3114)Full Citation

9.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Manufacture – Laws, Regulations and Administrative Procedures.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3349)Full Citation

10.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Record-keeping by Manufacturers.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3351)Full Citation

11.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Restriction on Importation, Exportation and Transhipment of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3123)Full Citation

12.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘International Transfers – Laws, Regulations and Administrative Procedures.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3352)Full Citation

13.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Licensing and Authorisation.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3353)Full Citation

14.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Record Keeping.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3355)Full Citation

15.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Brokering – Laws, Regulations and Administrative Procedures.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3356)Full Citation

16.

Marsh, Nicholas.2011.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,1 June. (Q16)Full Citation

17.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘General Provisions as to Grant and Issue of Licences: Certificates and Permits.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3116)Full Citation

18.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Marking at Import.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3354)Full Citation

19.

World Bank.2007.‘Available Kalashnikov Prices for Specific Countries and Periods.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. (Q3)Full Citation

20.

Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A Staff Report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. (Q22)Full Citation

21.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘The Firearms Act.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3109)Full Citation

22.

United Nations.1999.‘Analysis of Country Responses.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. (Q1)Full Citation

23.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Revocation of Licences, Certificates and Permits.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3117)Full Citation

24.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Regulations and Orders.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3121)Full Citation

25.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Restrictions Relating to the Discharge of Firearms and Ammunition.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3113)Full Citation

26.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Application for Licences, Certificates and Permits.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3115)Full Citation

27.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘The Firearms Act.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q4066)Full Citation

28.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Possession with Licences Only.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3111)Full Citation

29.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Offences Relating to Selling or Transferring Firearms or Ammunition.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3112)Full Citation

30.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Marking and Record Keeping.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3359)Full Citation

31.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Records and Returns.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3119)Full Citation

32.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Special Restrictions Upon Holders of Firearm Dealer's Licences.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3118)Full Citation

33.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Stockpile Management – Laws, Regulations and Administrative Procedures.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3358)Full Citation

34.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Marking at Manufacture.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3350)Full Citation

35.

Caribbean Net News. 2009. ‘US and Nine Caribbean Islands Sign Agreement to Help Trace Illegal Guns.’ 1 April. (N165) Full Citation

36.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘International Tracing – Laws, Regulations and Administrative Procedures.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3360)Full Citation

37.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Carrying of Firearms and Ammunition in Public Places.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3120)Full Citation

38.

Antigua and Barbuda.2010.‘Confiscation, Seizure and Collection.’ National Report of Antigua and Barbuda on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA) and the International Tracing Instrument.New York:Permanent Mission of Antigua and Barbuda to the United Nations,1 September. (Q3357)Full Citation

39.

Antigua and Barbuda.1973.‘Forfeiture and Disposal by Court.’ Laws of Antigua and Barbuda, Chapter 171, The Firearms Act [Act with amendments to 1989].St John's:Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda,1 May. (Q3122)Full Citation

40.

OAS / UNODA.1997.‘Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials / CIFTA.’ United Nations Programme of Action Implementation Support System: Regional Organisations.New York:Organization of American States / United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,14 November. (Q3244)Full Citation

41.

OAS.1997.‘Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Explosives, Ammunition and Other Related Materials (CIFTA): Signatures and Ratifications.’ Organization of American States, Department of International Law.Washington DC:Organization of American States,14 November. (Q3262)Full Citation

42.

UNGA.2009.‘Towards an Arms Trade Treaty: Establishing common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional arms.’ UN Resolution A/RES/64/48.New York:United Nations General Assembly,2 June. (Q1886)Full Citation

43.

UNGA.2001.‘United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition.’ UN General Assembly Resolution 55/255.New York:UN General Assembly,31 May. (Q17)Full Citation

44.

UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York:UN General Assembly,20 July. (Q18)Full Citation

45.

Cattaneo, Silvia and Sarah Parker.2008.‘Reporting, NPCs and NCAs, 2002 to 2008.’ Implementing the United Nations Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Analysis of the National Reports submitted by States from 2002 to 2008.Geneva:United Nations Development Programme,1 November. (Q20)Full Citation

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UNODA.2009.‘PoA-ISS Country Profiles.’ UN small arms Programme of Action (UNPoA) – Implementation Support System.New York:United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs,29 October. (Q1309)Full Citation

47.

IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. (Q166)Full Citation

48.

UNODA.2011.‘National Reports on Small Arms Exports.’ United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - The Global Reported Arms Trade.New York:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,21 October. (Q14)Full Citation

49.

UN.2009.‘Member States of the United Nations.’ UN.org Web Site.New York:United Nations General Assembly,11 May. (Q290)Full Citation

50.

Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q19)Full Citation